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Validated All-in-One™ qPCR Primer for TLR2(NM_001318787.2) Search again
Product ID:
HQP162119
(click here to view gene annotation page)
Powered by BiozSpecies:
Human
Symbol:
Alias:
CD282, TIL4
Gene Description:
toll like receptor 2
Target Gene Accession:
NM_001318787.2(click here to view gene page)
Estimated Delivery:
Approximately 1-3 weeks, but may vary. Please email sales@genecopoeia.com or call 301-762-0888 to confirm ETA.
Important Note:
By default, qPCR primer pairs are designed to measure the expression level of the splice variant (accession number) you selected for this gene WITHOUT consideration of other possible variants of this gene. If this gene has multiple variants, and you would like to measure the expression levels of one particular variant, multiple variants, or all variants, please contact us for a custom service project at inquiry@genecopoeia.com.
Validated result:
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| A | B |
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Each All-in-One™ qPCR Primer is experimentally validated to yield a single dissociation curve peak and to generate a single amplification of the correct size for the targeted gene. A cDNA Pool, containing reverse transcript products of 8 different human tissue total RNA(Liver, Testis,Muscle,Thyroid,Brain,Spleen,Stomach,Small Intestine)),was used as the qPCR validation template. qPCR was performed using 0.2 µM primer with 2XAll-in-One™ qPCR Mix (Catalog#: QP001,QP002,QP004,QP005). Reactions were incubated for 10min. at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec.; 60°C, 20 sec. and 72°C, 15sec. using Bio-Rad iQ5™ Instrument. At the end of the last cycle, temperature was increased from 72 to 95°C to produce a melting curve. Panel A: Validated Result for Amplification Curve; Panel B: Validated Result for Melting Curve. |
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Summary
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is expressed most abundantly in peripheral blood leukocytes, and mediates host response to Gram-positive bacteria and yeast via stimulation of NF-kappaB. [provided by RefSeq].
Gene References into function
- TLR2 stimulation resulted in the release of the IL-12 inhibitory p40 homodimer, producing conditions that are predicted to favor Th2 development, also resulted in preferential induction of IL-8 and p19/IL-23.
- These results indicate that the direct interaction of SP-A with TLR2 alters PGN-induced cell signaling
- identification of role in novel signal transduction pathway utilized by exracellular HSP70
- stimulation of signal pathway by HSP70
- Glucocorticoids synergistically enhance nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced Toll-like receptor 2 expression via a negative cross-talk with p38 MAP kinase.
- TLR2 initiated the signaling pathway for p38 in response to bacterial products /LPS/
- signaling events by TLR2 and TLR4 agonists are similar but there are distinct differences in the responses elicited by two bacterial products
- Non-LPS components of Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulate cytokine production through Toll-like receptor 2-dependent pathways.
- mycoplasmal lipoproteins induce caspases-dependent necrotic and apoptotic cell death in lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, which is partially induced by TLR2-mediated signaling.
- involvement in cell activation by mannuronic acid polymers
- report that wild-type measles virus but not vaccine strains activate cells via the TLR2, and this is a property of the hemagglutinin (H) protein
- TLR2 has a role in mediating signaling responses to Aspergillus fumigatus
- Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae activate human peripheral blood monocytes utilizing TLR2, CD14 and CD11a/CD18 as cellular receptors.
- Susceptibility of human dendritic cells (DCs) to measles virus (MV) depends on their activation stages in conjunction with the level of CDw150: role of Toll stimulators in DC maturation and MV amplification
- glucocorticoids synergistically enhance NTHi-induced TLR2 expression via specific up-regulation of the MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) that, in turn, leads to dephosphorylation and inactivation of p38 MAPK
- TLR4 was found to be involved in PM(2.5-10) and Pseudomonas-induced activation, whereas TLR2 activation was induced by both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria and by PM.
- An extensively associated dimer is observed in the crystal structure of a mutant of the TIR domain of TLR2.
- lipopolysaccharide may induce proliferation of periodontal epithelial cells by upregulating keratinocyte growth factor 1 expression via the CD14 and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
- On cell surface. LPS response inhibited with mAb specific for TLR2.LPS response of epidermal keratinocytes might be mediated by TLR2-dependent recognition of non-LPS bacterial components contaminating commercial LPS preparations.
- innate immune response of monocytes against M. lepraeis is mediated by TLR2, the mutation in the intracellular domain of TLR2 gene is associated with IL-12 production in lepromatous leprosy
- TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA were significantly up-regulated by IL-10 in monocyte cells that were adherent compared to those nonadherent.
- The relative absence of TLR2 protein expression by intestinal epithelial cells may be important in preventing chronic proinflammatory cytokine secretion in response to commensal Gram-positive bacteria in the gut.
- findings suggest that oral treponemes and their outer membrane extracts activate human gingival epithelial cells through TLR2
- participates in the innate immune response to stimulation by bacterial products in periodontal tissues
- innate immune recognition of LTA via LBP, CD14, and TLR-2 represents an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of systemic complications in the course of infectious diseases brought about by Gram-positive pathogens. while TLR-4 and MD-2 are not involved
- Review. Maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and cytokine induction by the cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin are induced via both TLR2 and TLR4.
- Expression of the Arg677Trp variant of human TLR2, which was identified in Korean patients with lepromous leprosy, was not able to mediate a response to either M. leprae or M. tuberculosis.
- role in synovial fibroblast activation in rheumatoid arthritis
- Human cytomegalovirus activates inflammatory cytokine responses via CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2
- Costimulation with TLR2 (or TLR9) and TLR4 induces synergistic release of Th1 cytokines, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and additive HIV-LTR trans-activation and HIV replication, as measured by p24 antigen release from HIV-1 transgenic mouse spleen cells.
- First comparative investigation in highly purified, monocyte-depleted neutrophil populations shows a distinct and separate role for TLR2, compared with TLR4, in neutrophil responses and neutrophil survival.
- Data show that Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 were expressed on dendritic cells, whereas only TLR2 was weakly detected on Langerhans cells.
- TLR2 is an endocytic receptor that channels ligands into the major histocompatibility complex class II presentation pathway for stimulation of specific CD4+ T cells.
- Zymosan cosediments the soluble form of recombinant TLR2 possessing the putative extracellular domain (sTLR2); sTLR2 directly binds to zymosan with an apparent binding constant of 48 nM.
- contains multiple binding domains for ligands that may contribute to the characterization of its promiscuous molecular pattern recognition
- Human TLR2, but not TLR4, can mediate cellular activation by heat-killed Brucella abortus (HKBA); human embryonic kidney 293 cells, which do not respond to HKBA, are made responsive by transfecting TLR2, but not TLR4 or TLR9.
- Results show that the surface receptors TLR2/4 and CD14 are essential for in vitro cellular activation induced by Neisseria meningitidis lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane vesicles and purified lipopolysaccharides.
- TLR-2 on human NK cells is upregulated and stimulated by Leishmania major lipophosphoglycan (LPG), a phosphoglycan belonging to a family of unique Leishmania glycoconjugates
- Toll-like receptor 2 mediates beta-defensin 2 gene induction through NF-kappaB in lung epithelial cells.
- In addition to TLR2, the activation of NF-kappaB by H.8/Lip in HEK cells was enhanced upon coexpression of TLR1 but not TLR6.
- TLR1 and TLR2 are required for ara-lipoarabinomannan- and tripalmitoyl cysteinyl lipopeptide-stimulated cytokine secretion from mononuclear cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that TLR1 and TLR2 cotranslationally form heterodimeric complexes
- Leu-107, Leu-112, and Leu-115 in a leucine-rich repeat motif of TLR2 are each critical for recognition of mycoplasmal diacylated lipoproteins and lipopeptides and are involved in the recognition of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycans.
- Data show that flagella signaling in airway cells can be initiated by interactions with asialoGM1 and toll-like receptor (TLR)2 as well as by activation of TLR5.
- TLR2 is coexpressed with tracheobronchial epithelial cell markers; airway epithelial cells respond to bacterial lipopeptide in a TLR2-dependent manner with induction of mRNA and protein of the antimicrobial peptide beta defensin-2.
- CD14 and TLR2 but not TLR4 play a major role in lipoteichoic acid -mediated effects on PMN and granulocytes
- peptidoglycan signaling through TLR2 and bacterial CpG DNA signaling through TLR9 are functionally equivalent at synergizing with IFN-gamma in regulating Tap-1 expression in macrophages
- downregulated by Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in monocytes
- stimulation by Mycoplasma fermentans lipoproteins mediates NF-kappa B activation as an early event and apoptosis as a later event in HEK293 cells
- Direct activation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts via TLR-2 results in chemokine secretion and points to RA synovial fibroblasts at a very early stage of the disease as part of the innate immune system.
- expression of CCL21, and TLRs 2 and 4 is predominantly induced in the peripheral lymphatic endothelium of the small intestinal microcirculation
- Toll-like receptor 2 dimerized with Toll-like receptor 6 or 1 is activated by saturated fatty acid and inhibited by polyunsaturated fatty acid
- The present data suggest that the arginine to glutamine substitution at residue 753 polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor 2 gene influences the risk of developing tuberculosis.
- TLR2 serves as a costimulatory receptor for antigen-specific T cell development and participates in the maintenance of T cell memory.
- genetic variation in TLR2 is a major determinant of the susceptibility to asthma and allergies in children of farmers
- The toll-like receptor 2 R753Q polymorphism defines a subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis having severe phenotype.
- Expression of toll-like receptor 2 and immune response in innate immunity may be altered after surgical insults.
- primary ATII cells express mRNA and protein for both TLR-2 and TLR-4, which can be modulated by incubation with lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor
- Lipoteichoic acid-stimulated p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation is mediated through a TLR2 receptor and involves tyrosine kinase, PLC, PKC, Ca(2+), MEK, and PI 3-kinase.
- The frequency of a human TLR2 Arg677Trp polymorphism (C2029T nucleotide substitution) in tuberculosis patients in Tunisia is significantly higher than in healthy controls (P < 0.0001).
- epitope-specific binding of exogenous ligands precedes specific TLR2 signaling in septic shock
- TLR2 in association with asialo-glycolipids presented within the context of lipid rafts provides a broadly responsive signaling complex at the apical surfaces of airway cells to initiate the host response to potential bacterial infection.
- CD16+ monocytes and synovial macrophages with high TLR-2 expression may be induced by M-CSF and IL-10, and production of TNFalpha could be simulated by endogenous TLR ligands such as Hsp60 and FcgammaRIIIA ligation by immune complexes in arthritic joints
- upregulation of TLR expression during differentiation in keratinocytes could be a part of the differentiation process of keratinocytes and could have biological significance in protecting skin against microbes.
- response in U937 myelomonocytic cells and macrophages impaired by secretory leucoprotease inhibitor
- Toll-like receptor 2 glycosylation sites contribute to efficient protein secretion
- GTPase RhoA and atypical protein kinase Czeta are required for TLR2-mediated gene transcription.
- defective NOD2 function results in a pro-inflammatory cytokine bias after stimulation of mononuclear cells with TLR2 stimuli
- toll-like receptor 2 internalization and targeting to the Golgi is lipid raft-dependent
- inhibition of TLR2-mediated activation of NF-kappa B by MalE190A
- results show that the lipopolysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis NCTC-9343, Chlamydia trachomatis LGV-1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC-611 signal via TLR2 as well as TLR4
- Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was expressed in the human adrenocortical cell line NCI-H295. Immunohistochemical analysis of normal human adrenal glands revealed TLR2 expression in the adrenal cortex, but not in the adrenal medulla.
- The 19-kDa lipoprotein proapoptotic signal was mediated by Toll-like receptor 2
- The presence of multiple lipid A species in Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide contributes to cell activation through both TLR2 and TLR4.
- Apoptosis of neutrophils from patients with active TB is induced by the interaction with the whole M. tuberculosis via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and involves the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
- Results imply distinct susceptibilities of humans and mice to challenge with specific Toll-like receptor 2 ligands.
- TLRs are differentially expressed in distinct compartments of the female reproductive tract
- The mutants of TLR2 inhibited H. pylori-induced COX-2 promoter activity. in gastric mucosa.
- the endotoxin tolerance seen in patients with sepsis does not depend solely on TLR-2 or TLR-4 expression
- dominant innate immune receptor for recognition of gastrointestinal Helicobacter species
- Hepatitis c virus core and NS3 proteins trigger inflammatory pathways via TLR2 that may affect viral recognition and contribute to activation of the innate immune system.
- host receptor for H.pylori HSP60 and role in secretion of Il-8
- The extracellular leucine-rich domain of TLR2 carries the specificity for recognition of triacylated bacterial lipopeptide Pam3-Cys-Ser-Lys4 through direct binding.
- Together, these results suggest that TPA-induced TLR2 expression in U937 cells may be at least in part mediated through activation of PKC and ERKs as well as NF-kappaB transcription factor, and that cross-talk between PKC or ERKs and NF-kappaB may exist.
- These results indicate that the CD14 region spanning amino acids 57-64 is critical for interacting with TLR2 and enhancing TLR2-mediated peptidoglycan signaling.
- Innate immune responses mediated through TLR2 play a role in augmenting allergic reactions, in part by modulating basophil cytokine secretion and mediator release independently of NFkappaB activation.
- TLR2 polymorphisms are associated with diabetes mellitus, type 1 (T1DM), and distribution differences between T1DM vs controls were not influenced by the HLA genes.
- PAL (peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein)activates inflammation through TLR2
- the TLR2 Arg677Trp polymorphism associated with lepromatous leprosy is not a true polymorphism of the TLR2 gene and has resulted from the variation present in the 93% homologous duplicated region of TLR2 exon 3 present approximately 23 kb upstream.
- mediates cellular activation by the B subunits of type II heat-labile enterotoxins.
- E. coli Nissle 1917 modulates cell cycling and apoptosis of peripheral blood and lamina propria T cells via tlr2 signaling
- Helicobacter pylori induces interleukin-8 secretion by Toll-like receptor 2- and Toll-like receptor 5-dependent and -independent pathways
- Toll-like receptor-2 polymorphism associated with increased prevalence of gram-positive bacterial infection in critically ill adults
- H. pylori LPS-induced cell activation is mediated through TLR2.
- BCG induced transcription and secretion of the chemokine CXCL8, by signalling through Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4, in conjunction with myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)in neutrophils
- Mastoparan, a G protein agonist peptide,preferentially targets the TLR4 pathway over the TLR2 pathway, confirming the importance of heterotrimeric G proteins in TLR4-mediated responses
- The TLR2 expression was analyzed after the stimulation of JAR cells with different TLR ligands.
- TLR2-TLR1 coactivation serves as the underlying mechanism for the proinflammatory toxicities associated with Amphotericin B
- Microcrystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and monosodium urate use TLR2-mediated signaling in chondrocytes to trigger NO generation.
- ASK1-p38 cascade regulates the innate immunity of the skin by forming an immune barrier consisting of hBD, LL37, and TLR2 during epidermal differentiation.
- Study on TLR-2 as a risk factor for coronary restenosis.a functional TLR-2 is protective and potentially involved in a reaction pattern preventing restenosis. Screening for the TLR-2 Arg753Gln SNP may be of importance for stratifying a patient's risk
- results indicate that Entamoeba histolytica lipopeptidophosphoglycan initiates an innate immune response by interacting with TLR2 and TLR4
- phenomenon as shown by experiments using different toll-like receptor-agonists in interleukin 10(-/-) macrophages
- As reported in this review, human TLR2 serves as a co-stimulatory receptor for antigen-specific T cell development and participates in the maintenance of T cell memory.
- Saccharothrix lipomannans induced a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2)-dependent production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cell lines.
- the common TLR-2 Arg to Gln polymorphism at position 753 significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever
- Diminished expression and function of TLR2 is a likely consequence of chronic filarial antigen stimulation and could serve as a novel mechanism underlying the dysfunctional immune response in lymphatic filariasis
- In addition TLR2 mRNA and protein expression was increased after LPS stimulation on non-smokers AM in contrast to smokers and COPD patients.
- TLR-2 is necessary for the up-regulation of group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) protein expression on competent antigen-presenting cells
- Biliary epithelial cell antibodies via induction of TLR2 and TLR3, as well as inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production may induce epithelial cell inflammatory responses to bacterial components and contribute to posttransplantation cholangitis.
- Arg753Gln polymorphism of human TLR-2 protects from the development of late stage Lyme disease due to reduced signaling via TLR-2/TLR-1 heterodimers
- EGFR signaling has a role in regulating host defense and immune response by tightly controlling TLR2 induction during bacterial infections
- The up-regulation of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in the nasal mucosa of patients with symptomatic allergic rhinitis supports the idea of a role for Toll-like receptors in allergic airway inflammation.
- Subunit b of F0F1 type ATPase from Mycoplasma pneumoniae activates NF-kappaB through human TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6
- vascular smooth muscle cells express functional TLR2 that mediates both a persistent activation of chemokine release in Chlamydia pneumoniae infections
- Our results suggest that overexpression of TLR2 and TLR4 in CHO cells sensitizes the cells to serum deprivation-induced apoptosis and that the mechanisms are involved in the death receptor-mediated signaling pathway.
- study provided direct evidence for the negative regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling by the tumor suppressor cylindromatosis (CYLD)
- the synergistic effect of LPS and PepG on cytokine release is preceded by a reciprocal upregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 by both Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components
- These findings suggest that S. aureus induces beta defensin-2 production through TLR2-mediated pathways in human corneal epithelial cells .
- first direct evidence that HMGB1 can interact with both TLR2 and TLR4 and also supply an explanation for the ability of HMGB1 to induce cellular activation and generate inflammatory responses that are similar to those initiated by LPS
- TLR2 and TLR4 agonists have a significant role in diseases such as atherosclerosis and DIC, but our research suggests that this is through a mechanism other than direct platelet activation or by modification of platelet responses to other agonists.
- findings suggest that TLR2 is involved in the Malassezia furfur-induced expression of human beta-defensin 2 and interleukin-8 in keratinocytes
- Maternal allergy status may affect allergic risk in offspring through a decreased expression of fetal TLR2.
- TLR2 is specifically recruited to the bacterial or inclusion membrane during a productive infection with chlamydia.
- characterized the contribution of the lipid portion to the TLR2 dependent pattern recognition, which may explain specific immuno-stimulatory potentials of different microorganisms
- The development of tuberculosis in Koreans is associated with shorter guanine-thymine repeats in intron II of the TLR2 gene.
- Mal phosphorylation has an effect on tyrosine during signaling by TLR2 and TLR4 and Btk is the kinase involved
- High-dose simvastatin pretreatment blunted TLR2 expression on monocytes in a human endotoxemia model on a posttranscriptional level.
- Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes PorB through direct binding, and that PorB-induced cell activation is mediated by a TLR2/TLR1 complex
- TLR2 expression is epigenetically up-regulated in CF bronchial epithelial cells and suggest that TLR2 overexpression or prolonged activation of TLR2 signaling might be critical in CF pathogenesis.
- the interaction of IRF-8 with TRAF6 modulates TLR signaling and may contribute to the cross-talk between IFN-gamma and TLR signal pathways
- reported here that Toll-like receptor activation of macrophages up-regulated expression of the vitamin D receptor and the vitamin D-1-hydroxylase genes, leading to induction of cathelicidin and killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- A marked up-regulation of TLR2 and Fas-FasL was detected in primary human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) stimulated with heat-killed P. gingivalis
- data provide evidence for a common requirement for Bruton's tyrosine kinase in TLR2- and TLR4-mediated induction of two important proinflammatory cytokines, TNF and IL-1beta
- Cells from neonates were stimulated with the TLR2 agonist peptidoglycan or the allergen house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae and results compared to unstimulated cells.
- Abnormalities of TLR-2 receptor expression occur in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), highlighting the potential relationship of TLR-2 with systemic inflammation in COPD patients.
- demonstrated production of interferon-gamma by human dendritic cells on the single cell level, identified TLR2 as a pattern recognition receptor involved in this process
- In human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells, at least TLR2 and 4 are capable of mediating innate immune system function in vitro, suggesting the involvement of TLRs in the development of chronic inflammatory cholangiopathies.
- TLR2 and TLR6 play an important role in the regulation of the apoptosis of PMNs.
- we here demonstrate that S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and N. meningitidis each activate several TLRs in species-specific patterns and show that infection with live pathogens may lead to activation of PRR not targeted by inactivated bacteria.
- TLR2 inside-out signaling via phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase is a proadhesive pathway in human monocytes activated by Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae that may constitute a mechanism linking P. gingivalis to inflammatory atherosclerotic processes.
- TLR2 and TLR4 ligand interaction with the N-terminal domain of Gp96 amplifies innate and adaptive immune response
- role of TGF-beta signaling in positively regulating host defense response by tightly controlling the expression level of TLR2 during bacterial infections
- We found a subset of partially differentiated TLR2+ PB and splenic B cells which responds to TLR2 agonists by mediating events involved in germinal center formation, such as upregulating CD77 and secreting chemokines.
- Results suggest that heat shock protein 60, a self-molecule, can downregulate adaptive immune responses by upregulating regulatory t cells innately through Toll-like receptor 2 signaling.
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are increased in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage lesions. TLR-2 and TLR-4 ligands strongly induce catabolic responses in chondrocytes.
- Calcium participates as a second messenger in TLR2-dependent signaling and provides another target to modulate proinflammatory responses to bacterial infection.
- TLR2 polymorphisms do not appear to be responsible for host susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacteria lung disease, at least in the Korean population
- HSP60 uses TLR2 as well as TLR4 to cause its mitogenic effect on venous smooth muscle cells
- This study suggests that CD14 directly binds to triacylated lipopeptides and facilitates recognition of the lipopeptides by the TLR2/TLR1 complex without binding to the receptor complex.
- data show rapid response of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells upon TCR-plus-TLR2 signaling
- TLR2, IL-6 and IL-1beta may have roles in inflammatory reactions in the course of Lyme disease
- data suggest that there is a differential usage of TLR2 and TLR4 in HMGB1 signaling in primary cells and in established cell lines
- we report an association of microsatelite GT polymorphisms of TLR2 gene and Asp299Gly polymorphism of the TLR4 gene with sporadic colorectal cancer among Croatians.
- TLR-2/6 and TLR2/1 heterodimer sorting at the cell surface determines heterotypic associations with CD36 and intracellular targeting
- Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the TLR2 DD loop and part of the alpha D region identifies Arg-748, Phe-749, Leu-752 and Arg-753 as crucial for signaling, by association with Toll-like receptor 1.
- Evidence of a functional response to TLR ligand TLR2 supports an immunomodulatory role for airway smoooth muscle cells during inflammatory responses.
- TLR2 and TLR9 cooperate in the control of parasite replication during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.
- increased monocyte expression of TLR2, but not of TLR4, correlates significantly with both increased circulating TNF-alpha levels and hepatic necroinflammatory activity in this disorder
- VIP decreased monocyte differentiation to macrophages induced by LPS from either species and also reduced overall TLR2 and TLR4 expression in these cells.
- In summary, TLR2 activation by P. gingivalis LPS or fimbriae involves differential dependence on accessory signalling or ligand-binding receptors, which may differentially influence innate immune responses.
- findings demonstrated that TLR2 and TLR4 were expressed at relatively high levels on the surface of human adipose cells
- Pc-mediated IL-8 release by human AM requires the coexpression of MR and TLR2 and further supports the concept that combinatorial interactions of macrophage innate receptors provide specificity of host defense cell responses to infectious challenge.
- TLR2 activation was observed with a high bacterial inoculum, and in epithelial cells expressing TLR2 but not TLR4.
- Circulating levels of MBL and sTLR2 may reflect different aspects of innate immune response. Innate immunity responses may be involved in pathogenesis of post-myocardial infarct heart failure.
- Overexpression of human TLR2 in the TLR2-deficient EFs restituted the response to patient IgG
- TLR2 mediates NF-kappa B activation and inflammatory cytokine responses in cells that support productive human cytomegalovirus infection.
- found no Arg753Gln polymorphism of the TLR2 gene in the rheumatic heart disease patient group; did not detect Arg677Trp polymorphism of the TLR2 gene in both patient and control groups
- The role of TLR2 and TLR4 in bacterial infections and their potential role as therapeutic targets are reviewed.
- There is no association of TLR2 polymorphism with diabetes mellitus, type 1 in the Basque population.
- Arg753Gln polymorphism impacts herpes and other viral infecions after transplantation.
- These data suggest that Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression correlates with the extent and severity of coronary artery disease.
- In the absence of HBeAg, HBV replication was associated with up-regulation of the TLR2 pathway leading to increased TNF-alpha production.
- In contrast to TLR4 expression, TLR2 levels did not differ between monocytes of preterm and newborn age groups.
- Diminished TLR1/2 signaling may contribute to the increased infection-related morbidity and mortality and the impaired vaccine responses observed in aging humans
- Signaling by soluble CD14 was TLR2 dependent. CD14-triggered TLR2-mediated response in astrocytes lead to the production of CXCL8, IL-6, and IL12p40, whereas typical TLR-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines were not produced at detectable levels.
- Alleles and genotype including the shorter GT repeats in intron 2 of the TLR2, were not associated with the development, extent and bacterial colonization of bronchiectasis in Koreans.
- Ganglioside GD1a is an essential coreceptor for Toll-like receptor 2 signaling in response to the B subunit of type IIb enterotoxin.
- Toll-like receptor 2 pathogen recognition activates Weibel-Palade body exocytosis in human aortic endothelial cells
- Development of skin lesions in mycosis fungoides appears associated with an increase of TLR2 expression by keratinocytes in cutaneous lesions.
- expression of TLR2 in placentas with chorioamnionitis was significantly lower than in placentas without chorioamnionitis; data suggest that TLR2 expression in the trophoblast could be involved in the response to infectious pathogens in the placenta
- The effect of PGN was not inhibited by previous treatment with anti-TLR2 mAb, thus suggesting a nonarchetypal involvement of the TLR2 signaling route and/or participation of other receptors.
- expression levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 & TLR9 in endometrium varied in a similar pattern during the menstrual cycle; levels were high in perimenstrual period & low in periovulatory period
- results suggest FSL-1-induced enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria may be explained partly by upregulation of scavenger receptors & C-type lectins through TLR2-mediated signalling, & that TLR2 does not function as a phagocytic receptor
- no evidence for genetic variation in TLR2 being risk factors for increased carotid artery intima-media thickness either directly or through interaction with proinflammatory risk factors
- There is a selective perturbation in the expression and function of TLR2, which could be consistent with a state of endotoxin tolerance, in patients with active acute anterior uveitis
- TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression on monocytes was investigated by flow cytometry in the following groups of subjects: healthy controls, patients on hemodialysis, patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD).
- Intestinal enteroendocrine cells express TLRs which may be involved in innate immune responses.
- identified a new mutation Arg447stop leading to a premature stop codon in the extracellular portion of the receptor
- TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism is possibly associated with cytomegalovirus replication and disease after liver transplantation.
- Production of HMBPP by a microbial-specific isoprenoid pathway plays a major role in determining whether bacteria will stimulate Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells in vivo.
- TLR2 appears to be expressed within human renal tubule cells.
- Lipoteichoic acid reduces surface expression of FcepsilonRI through TLR2. TLR2 ligands could be novel therapy for controlling allergic disorders.
- These results demonstrate that the expression and function of TLR in intestinal cells are highly dynamic and tightly regulated in response to encountered bacterial stimuli.
- Data show that Epstein-Barr virus infection of primary human monocytes induced the release of monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and the use of small interfering RNA targeting Toll-like receptor 2 significantly reduced such a chemokine response to EBV.
- Proinflammatory monocytes, from patients with atopic dermatitis, are functionally defective in their capacity to produce proinflammatory cytokines on TLR2 stimuli in part because of the high levels of their Fc epsilon RI expression.
- soluble factor(s) present in the lower genital tract of women with bacterial vaginosis activate cells via TLR2.
- study demonstrates a strong association of TLR2 single nucleotide polymorphism T597C with the development of Tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB and indicate that TLR2 influences the dissemination of M. tuberculosis
- results have indicated that there is a strong significant relationship between susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections and Arg753Gln polymorphism of the TLR-2 gene
- TLR2 gene polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in Turkish patients.
- A major mediator of Borrelia garinii-induced secretion of CXCL13 from human monocytes.
- Blockade of TLR2 or NOD2 abolished peptidoglycan-induced HMC-1 cell activation and T84 monolayer barrier dysfunction.
- data show that polymorphisms in TLR-2 might be important in a small group of sarcoidosis patients and that their functional consequences explain partly some of the variance in cytokine pattern observed in different clinical phenotypes of this disease
- Polymorphism of TLR2 may be related to an increased risk of ulcerative colitis.
- downregulation of TLR2 and decreased production of interleukin-12 p40 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha following Mycobacterium avium or lipoteichoic acid stimulation may contribute to host susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease
- Syncytiotrophoblastss expressed TLR-2 & TLR-4, but myofibroblasts expressed only TLR-4; results indicate that there exist cell type-specific patterns of TLR function in placenta which likely regulate innate immune response at the maternal-fetal interface
- Potential role for activation through TLR-2 in the inflammation and joint destruction of rheumaatoid arthritis.
- Polyamines are necessary for TLR2 expression and that polyamine-induced TLR2 activation plays an important role in regulating epithelial barrier function.
- IlpA of V. vulnificus functions as an immunostimulant to human cells via TLR2
- data suggest that TLR2/6 heterodimers are responsible for sensing Bacillus anthracis cell wall and PA, whereas the formation of the subsequent toxin (LF + PA) seems to evade detection by the innate immune system contributing to the virulence of the toxin
- TLR2, TLR4, and NOD2 are involved in the recognition of M. paratuberculosis by the innate immune system.
- Carriage of two variant TLR2 alleles potentially leads to aberrant innate immune responses, which may have contributed to very preterm birth.
- P. gingivalis, therefore, selectively up-regulated CCR5 by two independent signaling pathways, Rgp acting on PAR-1 and PAR-2, and LPS on TLR2 and TLR4.
- Transfection of HEK293 cells with TLR2 rendered these cells responsive to Burkholderia pseudomallei.
- Study found that among pleural fluid lymphocytes, natural killer cells are a major source of early IFN-gamma upon M. tuberculosis stimulation and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 agonists activate NK cells but do not induce IFN-gamma like M. tuberculosis does.
- The -196 to -174del/del genotype of TLR2 may increase the risk of gastric cancer in the Japanese population.
- Homozygous TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism is associated with allograft failure and mortality after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis C virus.
- Microbial products stimulate TLR2 expression through histone modification surrounding a proximal NF-kappa B-binding site.
- Patients with severe and mild malaria showed increased surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on CD14(+)monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells and decreased intracellular expression of TLR9 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells compared to healthy controls.
- Induced TLR2 cooperated with TLR4 to amplify iNOS induction in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori which contain lipopolysaccharide as a pathogen.
- No correlation was demonstrated between TLR2 polymorphisms and susceptibility to Q fever.
- Expressions of both TLR2 and TLR4 at the vessel wall synergistically accelerated atherosclerosis. The present study revealed the role of TLRs expressed locally at the vessel wall in the early stage of atherosclerosis
- AKAP13 plays a role in TLR2-mediated NF-kappaB activation; GEF-containing scaffold proteins may confer specificity to innate immune responses downstream of TLRs
- It can be proposed that exposure of resting CD4+ T cells to pathogen-derived products that can engage TLR2 induces the acquisition of an effector-like phenotype in naive and memory CD4+ T lymphocytes
- Propose that formation of the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer brings the intracellular TIR domains close to each other to promote dimerization and initiate signaling.
- In human neutrophils, Helicobacter pylori induces an early inflammatory response, partially mediated via TLR2 and TLR4 activation.
- These results collectively indicated that Chlamydophilal antigens induce foam cell formation mainly via Toll-like receptor 2 and c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase.
- TLR2 variants were not major risk factors for Crohn's disease.
- Host-derived factors (IFN-gamma and TLR4 ligand) and viral factors (TLR2 ligand) act in tandem to induce and maintain monocyte/macrophage activation, thus favoring persistent inflammation in patients with cHCV infection.
- the levels of sCD14 and sTLR-2 in saliva were upregulated in oral lichen planus and burning mouth syndrome. Oral epithelial cells in the saliva of patients exhibited elevated levels of CD14 mRNA and decreased levels of TLR-2 mRNA.
- M-Ficolin expression is silenced in macrophages but can be re-activated after prolonged activation via TLR2 and TLR4
- Decreased TLR-2 (toll-like receptor 2) expression was noted in monocytes of Behcets disease patients
- We did not find any association between TLR2 polymorphism and risk of gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric and duodenal ulcer and gastritis compared to healthy controls.
- Suggest that TLR2/4 may play role in aortic valve inflammation and stenosis.
- This study showed that the leucine-rich repeat of Tannerella forsythia BspA protein is an important modulator of host innate immune responses through activation of TLR2.
- it is concluded that TLR2 and TLR4 may play a vital role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) recognition, initiation and progression of HCV induced liver diseases
- Infection of THP-1 cells with Brucella abortus inhibited expression of major histocompatibility class II molecules and antigen processing through interleukin-6 secretion via Toll-like receptor 2.
- subjects carrying the TLR2 Arg753Gln allele had higher risk of urinary tract infection with gram-positive pathogens, history of more than two attacks of urinary tract infection (UTI) and asymptomatic UTI
- activation of NF-kappaB by beta-defensin 3 depends on the expression of both TLR1 and TLR2
- Exposure of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to Rhizopus oryzae hyphae resulted in upregulation in Toll-like receptor 2 mRNA and a robust proinflammatory gene expression with rapid (1-h) induction of NF-kappaB pathway-related genes.
- these results indicate that activation of the ASK1/p38 MAPK/p47phox cascade plays a central role in PPD/TLR2-induced ROS generation and suggests the existence of a 'ROS/ASK1' inflammatory amplification feedback loop in monocytes/macrophages.
- TLR2 expression and signaling are increased in type 1 diabetes mellitus and contribute to the proinflammatory state.
- Dysregulation of TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 expression in different parts of the intestinal mucosa may be crucial in IBD pathogenesis.
- CF blood PMNs expressed enhanced level of CD64, a marker of neutrophil activation, and lower level of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2).
- Although various bacteria may activate different TLR2 dimers, the development of different signal pathways in response to lipopolysaccharides does not seem to be of vital significance for the innate defense system.
- The present study failed to find any significant association between polymorphisms and generalized aggressive periodontitis
- M. bovis BCG, acting through both TLR2 and TLR4, induces the activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, which in turn plays a major role in CXCL8 secretion.
- Estimation of TLR4 expression on antigen presenting cells may be predictive of in acute rejection after liver transplantation.
- studies reveal coordinated induction of TLR2 and TLR6 during hypoxia and suggest tissue hypoxia in transcriptional adaptation of innate immune responses during acute infection or inflammation
- Microbial patterns signaling via Toll-like receptors 2 and 5 contribute to epithelial repair, growth and survival. This effect is independent of hematopoietic and other cells as well as inflammatory cytokines
- Dissociation of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated innate immune response to Zymosan by organic solvent-treatment without loss of Dectin-1 reactivity.
- These data suggest a significant role for TLR-2 in the occurrence of leprosy reversal reaction and provide new insights into the immunogenetics of the disease.
- The findings suggest that S. aureus lipopolysaccharide activates TLR2 and triggers innate immune response in the cornea to S. aureus infection via production of proinflammatory cytokines and defense molecules.
- EDN can activate myeloid DCs by triggering the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-myeloid differentiation factor 88 signaling pathway
- The binding of Lipomannan to TLR2 triggers MAPK activation, followed by an up-regulation of MKP-1 expression, which in turn may act as a negative regulator of MAPK activation.
- To determine the role of MAP kinases in TLR- induced corneal inflammation, we stimulated human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells with TLR2 ligands.
- The significant reduction in TLR2 gene expression in allergic adults supports the concept that increased TLR2 protects against the development of allergy.
- The outcome of innate and adaptive immune responses in atopic dermatitis is modulated by the Toll-like receptor 2 Arg753Gln single nucleotide polymorphism.
- TLR2 SNP Arg753Gln results in altered cytokine release in response to Candida but not to Gram-positive sepsis.
- A new Brucella protein Btp1 down-modulates maturation of infected dendritic cells by interfering with the TLR2 signaling pathway.
- TLR2 signaling is not deficient in hyper-IgE patients.
- TLR1, 2, and 4 protein colocalized with adiponectin in human adipocytes.
- Results showed that TLR2 was up-regulated on the monocytes from pleural fluid indicating a prominent role for this receptor in anti-tuberculous immunity.
- Monocytes were pretreated with opioid receptors antagonists before being cultured with morphine and peptidoglycan, a specific TLR2 agonit.
- In response to TLR2 stimulation, by either lipid agonists or P. aeruginosa, gap junctions functioned to transiently amplify proinflammatory signaling by communicating Ca(2+) fluxes from stimulated to adjacent
- IL-6 alone was able to upregulate TLR2 in airway epithelial cells. Hog confinement dust upregulates TLR2 in the airway epithelium through an IL-6-dependent mechanism.
- the low frequency of TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms observed here and in other populations corroborates and suggests that these do not play an important role in Chagas' disease.
- review of well-defined structure-function relationships for TLR2 [review]
- Selective attenuation of Toll-like receptor 2 signalling may explain the atheroprotective effect of sphingosine 1-phosphate.
- Findings reveal a unique role of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 60 favouring development of Th2 type response by upregulating surface expression of TLR2 on macrophages which could be a survival strategy adopted by the bacilli.
- This report implicates SP1 as a critical component of DNA demethylation-dependent up-regulation of TLR2 expression in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells.
- bacterial T cell Ags includes lipoglycoproteins, which act as TLR2 ligands but also require glycosylation for MHC class II-restricted T cell activation in vivo.
- M. abscessus signals human cells through MAPK and TLR2 pathways and triggers more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines than MAV.
- No association was found between TLR2 polymorphisms and myocardial infarction.
- findings show functional difference in TLR-2 responsiveness of monocytes from atopic dermatitis (AD) patients with TLR-2 R753Q mutation compared with wild type AD patients; TLR-2 may be essential in pathogenesis & maintenance of AD
- The lipoproteins from U. parvum were found to activate NF-kappaB through TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6.
- The TLR2- and TLR4-stimulating activity of supragingival plaque is associated with clinical parameters for gingivitis and periodontitis.
- scaffold protein MyD88 as the link coupling TLR2,4 to PKCepsilon recruitment, phosphorylation, and downstream signaling.
- These results suggest that LTA signaling preferentially occurs at the plasma membrane, is independent of internalization, and is facilitated by CD36 and CD14 as coreceptors for TLR2.
- the results show that MG149, a triacylated lipoprotein from M. genitalium, activates NF-kappaB through TLR1 and TLR2.
- vitronectin and integrin beta(3) contribute to the initiation of TLR2 responses
- dectin-1 synergizes with both TLR2 and TLR4 pathways for the production of TNF-alpha in human primary PBMCs and in monocyte-derived macrophages.
- Oxidized phospholipid inhibition of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is restricted to TLR2 and TLR4: roles for CD14, LPS-binding protein, and MD2 as targets for specificity of inhibition.
- expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 transcripts was significantly lower in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients
- suggest a potential role for SAA in inflammatory diseases through activation of TLR2
- Data suggest that TLR2/NF-kappa B signaling, particularly on mTHP-1 cells, mediates IL-8 secretion associated with extracellular B. burgdorferi.
- HSV-1 induces TLR2-dependent activation of IL-15 gene expression, which requires the recruitment of both MyD88 and TIRAP/Mal and the activation of IRAK1 and TRAF6 leading to NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus.
- These data suggest that BCG, by inducing simultaneous activation of NK and antigen-presenting cells via their 'shared' TLR2, can promote efficient bidirectional NK-dendritic cell interactions necessary for subsequent priming of T(h)1 responses.
- results suggest that the guanine-thymine repeat microsatellite polymorphisms in intron II of the human TLR2 gene contribute to the development of nontuberculous mycobacteria lung disease, in a Korean population.
- Arg753Gln polymorphism may not be associated with aggressive or chronic periodontitis in the Chinese population. Arp677Trp polymorphism seemed to be rather high in the Chinese population [with or without periodontitis]
- In innate immune responses to Acinetobacter baumannii OmpA, the surface expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were prominently observed in HEp-2 cells.
- defensin beta 2 production is mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 activation and involves a c-Fos-mediated, protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathway
- While the TLR-2 +2258 (G>A) and MMP-9 -1562 (C>T) SNPs failed to present any significant association with pre-eclampsia, there was a marked trend for an association between the IL-4 -590 (C>T) SNP and pre-eclampsia (chi(2)= 5.87, P = 0.055)
- these experiments directly link the initial inflammatory response induced by Encephalitozoon spp. to TLR2 stimulation in human macrophages.
- TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly upregulated by Burkholderia cenocepacia infection in lung epithelial cells.
- Through cooperation of TLR1 and TLR2 signaling, TLR5 is stored intracellularly in neutrophils and is up-regulated in a protein synthesis-independent manner.
- steroid-induced TLR2 together with Propionibacterium acnes existing as normal resident flora plays an important role in the exacerbation of acne vulgaris as well as in possible induction of corticosteroid-induced acne or in that of rosacea-like dermatiti
- We found no evidence that the gene polymorphism of TLR2 (p = 1.000) and overall gene polymorphism in any of the genes (p = 0.752) correlate with periodontitis.
- Binding to CXCR4 induces cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, which in turn inhibits TLR2-mediated proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses to the pathogen
- Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88)-dependent TLR2 signaling pathway mediates lipoteichoic acid-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in human cultured tracheal smooth muscle cells.
- stearoyl-arachidonoyl form of phosphatidylserine disrupted the association of both TLR4 and TLR2 with their respective membrane partners that are required for signaling
- TLR2 mediates SAA-induced G-CSF expression
- A role is identified for human TLR2 in atherosclerosis induced by atherogenic lipoprotein apolipoprotein (apo)CIII; apoCIII activates human monocytoid THP-1 cells through TLR2.
- Genetic variants of TLR-2 were associated with acute reactive arthritis following infection with S. enteritidis.
- Toll-like receptors 2 highly expressed on human melanoma cells.
- This study explored whether Klebsiella pneumoniae upregulates the expression of TLRs in human airway epithelial cells.
- Toll-like receptor 2, 4, and 9 overexpression is associated with neutrophil dysfunction in alcoholic hepatitis.
- Characteristic patterns in the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on monocytes and granulocytes were found in venous blood of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass.
- This study demonstrates that TLR2 signaling mediates the morphine-induced apoptosis, and beta-arrestin 2 is a negative regulator in morphine-induced, TLR2-mediated apoptosis.
- These data show that TLR2 and NALP2 mediate the induction of human beta-defensins by F. nucleatum in gingival epithelial cells
- human platelets express functional TLR2 capable of recognizing bacterial components and activating the platelet thrombotic and/or inflammatory pathways
- HSV-1-infected monocytes exhibit downregulated TLR-2 and TLR-4.
- Purified human herpesvirus type 4-encoded deoxyuridinetriphosphatase (dUTPase) activates human nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B through TLR2, and requires the recruitment of adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation gene 88 (MyD88) but not CD14.
- TLR2 is a critical receptor responsible for NF-kappaB signaling activity and highly invasive capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells.
- Greater expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and greater pro-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic responses to TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in AVICs than PVICs are associated with osteogenic phenotypic changes