SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that is the cause of the COVID-19 global pandemic that began in 2019. SARS-CoV-2 infection of humans typically stimulates a strong humoral immunity response, leading to the production of both neutralizing and binding antibodies.
GeneCopoeia provides two antigen microarrays for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens. The OmicsArray™ COVID-19 Coronavirus Antigen Microarrays are protein microarrays enabling powerful detection of antibodies associated with virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 (the cause of the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak), influenza viruses, and others. The standard array carries 16 proteins, and the expanded array carries 41 proteins. Each protein is spotted onto nitrocellulose filters, which are adhered to glass slides. Viral proteins are chosen based on a thorough review of peer-reviewed publications.
In addition to these predesigned arrays, arrays containing customized sets of proteins are available, as well as array profiling services and data analysis.
GeneCopoeia’s OmicsArray™ SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Antigen Microarrays are part of the GeneCopoeia OmicsArray™ Antigen Microarray family.
- Multiplexing capable. OmicsArray™ antigen microarrays can assay up to 120 antigens at a time, compared with 1 protein at a time for ELISA.
- High throughput. Each slide can process up to 15 samples in parallel.
- High sensitivity. Each array can detect as little as 1 pg/ml of antibody, which is 100-fold more sensitive than ELISA.
- Small sample volume. As little as 1 ul of serum is needed for detection.
- Fast. From sample-to-data in as little as 2 weeks.
Predesigned antigen microarrays GeneCopoeia’s OmicsArray™ COVID-19 Coronavirus Antigen Microarrays are predesigned protein microarrays. A list of the antigens spotted on each array is displayed in the drop-down menus below. Custom protein microarrays are also available. To inquire about a custom protein microarray, please contact inquiry@genecopoeia.com. Table 1. List of antigens on GeneCopoeia's COVID-19 Coronavirus Antigen Microarray Panel 1. Table 2. List of antigens on GeneCopoeia's COVID-19 Coronavirus Antigen Microarray Panel 2. Custom antigen microarray services In addition to predesigned antigen microarrays, GeneCopoeia offers custom antigen microarray services in the following areas: Additional analysis services, including proteomic analysis, pathway analysis, and more, are also available. To inquire about custom antigen microarray services, please contact us at inquiry@genecopoeia.com. GeneCopoeia's OmicsArray™ antigen microarrays contain up to 120 purified proteins spotted onto nitrocellulose filters, which are adhered to glass slides. In addition, 8 spots are included for normalization. Each slide carries 16 identical arrays, and so can be used to process up to 15 samples simultaneously as well as a negative control. As little as 1 ul serum or 50 ul of other bio fluids are needed for each sample. As shown in Figure 1, arrays are incubated with patient samples, and any antibodies in the samples bind to their cognate antigens on the array. The arrays are washed to remove unbound antibodies and other proteins, then co-incubated with Cy3- and Cy5-labeled secondary antibodies. The dual labeling strategy is intended to distinguish between immunoglobulin (Ig) subtypes present within samples. For example. a Cy3-labeled anti-IgG secondary antibody is used to detect IgG antibodies, and a Cy5-labeled anti-IgM secondary antibody is used to detect IgM antibodies. Fluorophore-labeled secondary antobodies are available for detecting IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM immunoglubulins, as well as IgG subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. After washing to remove unbound secondary antibodies, signals are detected using a GenePix® 4400A microarray scanner. The raw data is then analyzed using GenePix® 7.0 software. Figure 1. Workflow for detection of antibodies in samples using GeneCopoeia's OmicsArray™ antigen microarrays. GeneCopoeia provides data analysis as part of its custom antigen microarray services. After array scanning, raw data are collected and analyzed using GenePix® 7.0 software. The standard service includes data normalization to include fold changes of, for example, disease vs. healthy control, and a heat map showing each antigen ranked by level of fold change. Our service undergoes the following steps: 1. Collection of raw data. After scanning, raw signal intensities are collected in an Excel file, as shown below. 2. Next, the raw data are normalized to controls on the array, and the Net Signal Intensity (NSI) values, as well as the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are tabulated in an Excel file, 3. The final step of the standard analysis package is to determine the "Antibody score" which is the relative enrichment of a given antibody in a sample. The antibody score is determined numerically and displayed in a heat map. A higher score (shifted toward red on the heat map) suggests a stronger antibody-antigen interaction, as shown in the following example: 4. In addition to the standard data analysis package, customers can also choose custom data analysis services. One such service is to classify positive antigens on the array using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, which classifies genes and proteins based on known biolgical functions. An example of the readout from GO analysis for molecular function is shown below: Further, GO analysis for biological processes is shown in the following example: 5. Another widely-used tool for bioinformatic analysis is KEGG (Kyoto Enclycopedia for Genes and Genomes) Pathway Analysis, which we use to group positive antibody-antigen interactions on the basis of defined biologica pathways, as displayed in the example below:
Antigen
Associated disease
SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein S1
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein S1 RBD
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2 ECD
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 + S2
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein (NCP)
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-1 Spike protein
SARS (2002-2004)
SARS-CoV-1 NCP
SARS (2002-2004)
MERS-CoV Spike Protein
MERS (2012-present)
HCoV-229E Spike protein
Common cold (seasonal)
HCoV-HKU1 Spike protein
Common cold (seasonal)
HCoV-NL63 Spike protein
Common cold (seasonal)
HCoV-OC43 Spike protein
Common cold (seasonal)
Influenza A antigen
Seasonal influenza
Influenza B antigen
Seasonal influenza
RSV Glycoprotein G
Common cold-like respiratory disease
Antigen
Associated disease
SARS-CoV-2 3CL Mpro
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 3CL
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 Envelope protein
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 ME
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 N
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 NCP
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 NCP
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 Plpro
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 S1/RBD
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 RBD
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 S1
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 S1+S2
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 S2 ECD
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-1 NP
SARS (2002-2004)
SARS-CoV-1 Plpro
SARS (2002-2004)
SARS-CoV-1 S1
SARS (2002-2004)
SARS-CoV-1 S1/RBD
SARS (2002-2004)
MERS-CoV NP
MERS (2012-present)
MERS-CoV S
MERS (2012-present)
HCoV-229E Spike protein
Common cold (seasonal)
HCoV-HKU1 S1
Common cold (seasonal)
HCoV-HKU1 Spike protein
Common cold (seasonal)
HCoV-NL63 Spike protein
Common cold (seasonal)
HCoV-OC43 Spike
Common cold (seasonal)
CMV Native protein
Cytomegalovirus
CMV Pp65(UL83)
Cytomegalovirus
Influenza A
Seasonal influenza
IAV H1N1
Seasonal influenza
IAV H3N2
Seasonal influenza
Influenza B
Seasonal influenza
IBV Nucleoprotein
Seasonal influenza
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Norovirus vp1
Norovirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antigen (RSV)
Common cold-like respiratory disease
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Diphtheria
poliovirus type 1
Polio
poliovirus type 2
Polio
poliovirus type 3
Polio
SCL-70
Autoantigen
dsDNA
Autoantigen
Jo-1
Autoantigen