|
ORF cDNA clones
|
CRISPR / TALEN
|
Lentivirus
|
AAV
|
TALE-TF
|
ORF knockin clones
|
|
Antibody
|
Proteins
|
miRNA target clones
|
qPCR primers
|
shRNA clones
|
miRNA products
|
Promoter clones
|
Validated All-in-One™ qPCR Primer for RARB(NM_001290217.2) Search again
Product ID:
HQP160005
(click here to view gene annotation page)
Powered by BiozSpecies:
Human
Symbol:
Alias:
HAP, MCOPS12, NR1B2, RARbeta, RARbeta1, RRB2
Gene Description:
retinoic acid receptor beta
Target Gene Accession:
NM_001290217.2(click here to view gene page)
Estimated Delivery:
Approximately 1-3 weeks, but may vary. Please email sales@genecopoeia.com or call 301-762-0888 to confirm ETA.
Important Note:
By default, qPCR primer pairs are designed to measure the expression level of the splice variant (accession number) you selected for this gene WITHOUT consideration of other possible variants of this gene. If this gene has multiple variants, and you would like to measure the expression levels of one particular variant, multiple variants, or all variants, please contact us for a custom service project at inquiry@genecopoeia.com.
Summary
This gene encodes retinoic acid receptor beta, a member of the thyroid-steroid hormone receptor superfamily of nuclear transcriptional regulators. This receptor localizes to the cytoplasm and to subnuclear compartments. It binds retinoic acid, the biologically active form of vitamin A which mediates cellular signalling in embryonic morphogenesis, cell growth and differentiation. It is thought that this protein limits growth of many cell types by regulating gene expression. The gene was first identified in a hepatocellular carcinoma where it flanks a hepatitis B virus integration site. The gene expresses at least two transcript variants; one additional transcript has been described, but its full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq].
Gene References into function
- The expression of exogenous hRAR beta gene in HL-60R cells could resume their sensitivity to retionoids in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing granulocytic differentiation.
- PML-RAR fusion protein induces gene hypermethylation and silencing by recruiting DNA methyltransferases to the RARbeta2 promoter
- distinct methylation pattern in bladder cancer with frequent methylation of RARbeta, DAPK, E-cadherin, and p16.
- Results indicate that loss of RAR-beta expression and accumulation of p 53 and Ki67 proteins may serve as biomarkers for early identification of esophageal cancer in the high-risk populations.
- Methylation of the 5' region of RAR-beta 2 gene may contribute to gene silencing and may be an important and early event in cervical carcinogenesis.
- Endogenous reactivation of the RARbeta2 tumor suppressor gene epigenetically silenced in breast cancer.
- Results show that both RARalpha and RARbeta are mediators in the anticancer function of All-trans retinoic acid via AP-1 activity inhibition.
- downstream codons in mRNAs initiate translation of a protein isoform that disrupts retinoid-activated transcription
- Loss of retinoic acid receptor beta gene expression is linked to aberrant histone H3 acetylation in lung cancer cell lines.
- STAT-1, IRF-1, and RAR-beta expression were enhanced by IFN-gamma and ATRA in combination, and to a greater degree in BALM-3 cells than in BALM-1 cells, suggesting that these IFN-gamma related genes were involved in the induction of apoptosis.
- Present only in basal epithelial nuclei. RAR-beta and -gamma were increased in basal and luminal epithelial nuclei in glands with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
- RARbeta expression may be an indicator of increased risk of lung cancer in heavy smokers.
- RARbeta and RARgamma interact only weakly with SMRT.
- results suggest that oxidized phospholipids inhibit transcription of the thrombomodulin gene in vascular endothelium by inhibiting the binding of retinoic acid receptor beta-retinoid x receptor alpha heterodimer and Sp1 and Sp3 to thrombomodulin promoter
- ATRA increased RARbeta2 mRNA in non-metastatic breast cancer cells. The same treatment of metastatic cells resulted in an increase in RARbeta4 & a decrease in RARbeta2 mRNA. RARbeta4 may contribute to metastatic properties of breast cancer cell lines.
- RAR beta and RAR gamma receptors appear to adopt a constitutively closed helix 12 conformation in the absence of hormone that may approximate the conformation of RAR alpha when bound to hormone agonist.
- the role of RAR-beta2 induction with respect to clonogenic survival of different human tumor cells under retinoid treatment alone or in combination with irradiation
- c-myc, FOG1, GATA6, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase homologue (p28), Foxq1, Hic5, Meis1a, Dab2, midkine, and the PDGF-alpha receptor are genes regulated specifically by RARbeta(2) in F9 cells
- The regulatin oexpression of this receptor in cancer cells is affected by ligands of ppargamma.
- Promoter hypermethylation of this gene is demonstrated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
- hypermethylated in invasive and in in situ lobular breast cancer
- Hypermethylation-associated inactivation of retinoic acid receptor beta is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- In a 9-cis retinoic acid-dependent fashion in cells in vitro, retinoic acid receptor beta isoform stimulates the expression of reporter constructs containing the site that binds aldehyde dehydrogenase-2.
- The adult RARbeta2 isoform also shows age-related methylation in normal tissues but more variable methylation in colorectal cancer.
- Isoforms are involved in colon cancer cell growth.
- RAR-beta(2) silencing by methylation is an early event in head and neck carcinogenesis.
- Retinoic acid receptor beta2 hypermethylation has a role in prostate cancer [editorial]
- RARbeta2 methylation has a role in development of prostate neoplasms
- Loss of expression of RARbeta is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas
- RARbeta2 acts as a tumor suppressor gene in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and epigenetic changes are the most significant determinants of RARbeta2 gene activity in these patients.
- Review loss or abnormality of RAR-b in lung cancer cell lines. It may have tumor suppression function.
- (RAR)beta functions as a tumor suppressor gene in various contexts where its absence is associated with tumorigenicity and its presence causes cell cycle arrest.
- Increased acetylation of RARbeta1 is associated with head and neck cancer
- crystal structure of retinoic acid receptor beta
- results show that inactivation of the retinoic acid signaling-associated genes RAR-beta, CRBP1, and TIG1 by DNA methylation occurs frequently in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Hypermethylation of retinoid acid receptor beta is associated with gastric carcinogenesis
- Study demonstrate for the first time a significant and specific overexpression of RAR-beta(1) in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
- RARbeta2 induces a number of tumor suppressor functions and metastasis suppressors
- RARbeta2 silencing and retinoic acid (RA) resistance are consequent to an impaired integration of RA signal at RARbeta2 chromatin
- In H358 lung cancer cells transiently transfected with RARbeta1', RA treatment restored target gene expression compared with that in vector-transfected cells and suppressed cell growth compared with that in untreated cells.
- Genetically deregulated in cerebral glioma. (review)
- RARbeta2 was methylated in the tumor epithelium of all five prostate cancer patients and in the tumor-associated stroma in four of the five patients.
- MOZ-TIF2 associates with the RARbeta2 promoter in vivo, resulting in altered recruitment of CBP/p300, aberrant histone modification, and down-regulation of the RARbeta2 gene
- Aberrant methylation and hence silencing of TIMP3, SLC5A8, DAPK and RARbeta2, in association with BRAF mutation, may be an important step in PTC tumorigenesis and progression.
- Results suggest that the truncated form of retinoic acid receptor beta induces retinoid resistance rather than sensitivity, and alternative pathways of cell death are mediated by different isoforms in breast cancer cells.
- Immunohistochemistry (demonstrated no overt difference between CDH, hypoplastic, and control lungs, either in the localization nor the timing of the first expression of glucocorticoid, retinoid, and thyroid hormone receptors
- RARbeta2 is commonly silenced by hypermethylation in primary AML blasts but not in normal hematopoietic precursors.
- Biological properties of the other RAR isoforms (RARbeta and RARgamma), through the generation pf fusion protein isoforms in acutte promyelocytic leukemia.
- Hypopharynx tumors showed significantly lower hypermethylation and higher mRNA expression levels of RAR beta2 compared to the tumors located at other sites of the head and neck
- Shows a higher methylation in all six patients with familial partial lipodystrophy when compared with progeria patients with other LMNA mutations as well as the healthy controls.
- RARss is downregulated upon TGF-ss3-driven chondrogenic differentiation of adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. RARss chondrogenic pathway is independent of upregulation in SOX9 and does not lead to hypertrophy.
- ectopic expression of RAR beta2 is able to down-regulate HPV-18 transcription by selectively abrogating the binding of AP-1 to the viral regulatory region in a ligand-independent manner.
- HOXA5 acts directly downstream of RARbeta and may contribute to retinoid-induced anticancer and chemopreventive effects.
- Phosphorylation of RXRalpha abolishes its ability to form homodimers and heterodimers with RXR and retinoic acid receptor beta.
- Tumor-specific RARB hypermethylation was observed in four papillomas.
- No field effect, defined as absence of epigenetically transformed cells, for GSTP1 was observed, whereas APC, RARbeta2, and RASSF1A showed a field effect up to 3 mm from the malignant core in three prostatectomy samples.
- endogenous expression of retinoids receptor RARbeta gene determines the susceptibility of HCC cells to fenretinide-induced apoptosis
- TopoIIbeta interacts with the 5' RARE region of the RARbeta gene.
- the expression level of RAR beta in endometrial carcinoma is significantly lower than that in endometrial hyperplasia
- Methylation of RARB was present in 80% of NSCLC tissues but only 14% of noncancerous tissues.
- Methylation of RARB was significantly positvely correlated with breast cytologic atypia, increasing between ages 35 and 45.
- The promoter methylation status of a panel of critical growth regulatory genes, RASSF1A, RARbeta2, BRCA1 and HOXA5, in 54 breast cancers and 5 distant normal breast tissues of Indian patients, was analyzed.
- reduced expresion in cervical cancer
- methylation pattern of the promoter region. We show that hypo- and hypermethylated alleles coexist in 5/11 cell lines in which RARB2 is inactivated.
- the increase in RAR-beta expression is not associated with telomere shortening, a typical biomarker of cellular senescence
- Promoter region methylation of RARb2 genes is an early event in endometrial carcinogenesis.
- Methylation of promoter region of RAR-beta2 gene in renal cell, breast, and ovarian carcinomas
- The 5-Aza-deoxycytidine treatment induced RARbetamRNA expression not only in ARO but also in FRO and TT cell lines, whose RARbeta2 promoter was unmethylated.
- bexarotene increased the occupancy of the identified enhancer element in IGFBP-6 gene by RXRalpha, RARbeta, cJun, cFos, and p300
- ATP7A expression is regulated by retinoic acid receptor beta and it has effects on intracellular copper levels, revealing a link between the anticancer action of retinoids and copper metabolism.