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Validated All-in-One™ qPCR Primer for PPARD(NM_006238.4) Search again
Product ID:
HQP105061
(click here to view gene annotation page)
Powered by BiozSpecies:
Human
Symbol:
Alias:
FAAR, NR1C2, NUC1, NUCI, NUCII, PPARB
Gene Description:
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta
Target Gene Accession:
NM_006238.4(click here to view gene page)
Estimated Delivery:
Approximately 1-3 weeks, but may vary. Please email sales@genecopoeia.com or call 301-762-0888 to confirm ETA.
Important Note:
By default, qPCR primer pairs are designed to measure the expression level of the splice variant (accession number) you selected for this gene WITHOUT consideration of other possible variants of this gene. If this gene has multiple variants, and you would like to measure the expression levels of one particular variant, multiple variants, or all variants, please contact us for a custom service project at inquiry@genecopoeia.com.
Summary
This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. PPARs are nuclear hormone receptors that bind peroxisome proliferators and control the size and number of peroxisomes produced by cells. PPARs mediate a variety of biological processes, and may be involved in the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This protein is a potent inhibitor of ligand-induced transcription activity of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma. It may function as an integrator of transcription repression and nuclear receptor signaling. The expression of this gene is found to be elevated in colorectal cancer cells. The elevated expression can be repressed by adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor protein related to APC/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the role of this protein in myelination of the corpus callosum, lipid metabolism, and epidermal cell proliferation. [provided by RefSeq].
Gene References into function
- differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in bladder cancer cells (peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, beta)
- Results suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta overexpression is not an inherent property of breast cancer cell lines, but it may play a role through activation of downstream genes (PPARbeta).
- Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in human urinary bladder carcinoma and growth inhibition by its agonists.
- 4 polymorphisms were found: -409C/T (promoter, +73C/T (exon 1), +255A/G (exon 3), & +294T/C (exon 4). An interaction with the PPAR alpha L162V polymorphism was also detected for several lipid parameters. PPARD plays a role in cholesterol metabolism.
- The 15-lipoxygenase-1 product 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid down-regulates PPAR-delta to induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells.
- results implicate PPAR-delta in the regulation of intestinal adenoma growth
- Positive associations of PPAR-delta polymorphisms with fasting plasma glucose and BMI detected in nondiabetic control subjects
- gene regulation by PPARdelta in the uterine cells uniquely responds to SRC-2, N-CoR, SMRT, or RIP140, and these interactions may be operative during implantation when these cofactors are abundantly expressed.
- PPAR-beta/delta activation stimulates keratinocyte differentiation, is anti-inflammatory, improves barrier homeostasis, and stimulates triglyceride accumulation in keratinocytes.
- 11beta-HSD2 is an additional target for PPAR delta, which may regulate human placental function
- This study was performed to determine whether specific activation of PPARdelta has direct effects on insulin action in skeletal muscle.
- COX-2 immunopositivity was significantly associated with PPARbeta and PPARgamma immunoreactivity. Microvessel density was significantly higher among PPARbeta-immunoreactive squamous cell carcinomas.
- the ligand-independent tight control of the position of the PPAR helix 12 provides an effective alternative for establishing an interaction with CoA proteins
- PPARdelta signaling pathways are interconnected at the level of cross-regulation of their respective transcription factor mRNA levels
- PPARdelta expression is up-regulated between the first and third trimester, indicating a role for this nuclear receptor in placental function
- Activation of PPARD increases the expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP4.
- PPARdelta partially rescued prostate epithelial cells from growth inhibition and also dramatically inhibited sulindac sulfide-mediated p21WAF1/CIP1 upregulation.
- PPARdelta +294T/C polymorphism has no influence on plasma lipoprotein concentrations, body mass index or atherosclerotic disease either in healthy subjects or in patients with DM-2, both in males and females.
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PPARD primarily affected insulin sensitivity by modifying glucose uptake in skeletal muscle but not in adipose tissue.
- The expression of PPARdelta gene in rectal cancers is not statistically different from normal mucosa.
- Human platelets contain PPARbeta and that its selective activation inhibits platelet aggregation.
- Data describe the activated form of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta using a ligand binding domain model.
- overexpressed during the S phase of the cell cycle compared with the G0/1 phase
- This review concludes that PPAR delta has emerged as a powerful metabolic regulator in diverse tissues including fat, skeletal muscle, and the heart.
- PGI2 protects endothelial cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis by inducing PPARdelta binding to 14-3-3alpha promoter, thereby upregulating 14-3-3alpha protein expression.
- data provide further evidence for an involvement of PPARdelta in the regulation of BMI.
- Skeletal muscle mRNA expression of PPAR delta increased in type 2 diabetic patients with an improved clinical profile following low-intensity exercise, but were unchanged in patients who did not show exercise-mediated improvements in clinical parameters.
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms in PPARD modify the conversion from glucose intolerance to type 2 diabetes.
- Therefore, these results indicate that induction of fatty acid oxidation with PPARbeta activators during short-term exposition is not sufficient to correct for insulin resistance in muscle cells from type 2 diabetic patients.
- A novel positive feedback loop between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta and prostaglandin E2 signaling pathways are associated with cholangiocarcinoma cell growth
- PPARbeta/delta is a novel regulator of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis through VEGF.
- PPARD-87T/C polymorphism is associated with higher fasting plasma glucose concentrations in both normal glucose tolerant and diabetic subjects, largely due to impaired insulin sensitivity
- PPAR-delta activation increases cholesterol export and represses inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and atherosclerotic lesions.
- support the rationale for developing PPARdelta antagonists for prevention and/or treatment of cancer
- PPARdelta induces COX-2 expression and the COX-2-derived PGE(2) further activates PPARdelta via cPLA(2)alpha. which forms a growth-promoting signaling that may play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis.
- These studies demonstrate that ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta does not lead to an anti-apoptotic effect in either human or mouse keratinocytes, but rather, leads to inhibition of cell growth likely through the induction of terminal differentiation.
- DNA sequence variation in the PPARdelta locus is a potential modifier of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma HDL-C in healthy individuals in response to regular exercise.
- human aortic smooth muscle cells Prostacyclin 2 synthase(PGIS) gene transfer reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta(PPAR-delta) expression and inhibited neointimal formation after balloon injury
- PPAR delta activates 14-3-3 epsilon gene (YWHAE) promoter in human endothelial cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner.
- The activated proinflammatory state of monocytes and MDM in low HDL-C subjects constitutes a novel parameter of risk associated with HDL deficiency, related to altered expression of metallothionein genes and the reciprocal regulation of PPARdelta.
- analysis of the ligand-dependent control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta activity
- the minor serine-encoding allele of the Gly482Ser single-nucleotide polymorphism in PPARGC1A was associated with less increase in individual anaerobic threshold during lifestyle intervention
- REVIEW: PPARbeta/delta is a transcriptional regulator of FA uptake and oxidation, mitochondrial respiration uncoupling, and glucose metabolism
- New target for Metablic syndrome:PPARD.
- PPAED does not significantly affect the risk of metabolic disease in the population studied, such as type 2 diabetes.
- In contrast to the PPARalpha, PPARdelta receptor isoforms were not activated by the epoxyalcohol.
- PDK2, PDK3 and PDK4 are primary PPARbeta/delta target genes in humans underlining the importance of the receptor in the control of metabolism
- PPARbeta/delta ligands do not potentiate tumorigenesis.
- Alternative splicing of PPARD was studied in terms of translation efficiency and trans-activation ability.
- Metabolism of endocannabinoids by the endothelial cell COX-2 coupled to the prostacyclin (PGI(2)) synthase activates the nuclear receptor peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor delta, which negatively regulates the expression of tissue factor.
- This study provides evidence that mRNA expression of PPARdelta in human skeletal muscle is under genetic control but also influenced by factors such as age, birth weight and central adiposity.
- PPARdelta agonist GW501516 reverses multiple abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome without increasing oxidative stress.
- ternary complex consisting of PPARdelta, p65/RelA, and HDAC1 in keratinocytes PPARdelta repression
- ligand activation of PPAR-delta (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta ) in Endothelial cells has an antiinflammatory effect, perhaps via a binary mechanism involving the induction of antioxidative genes and the release of nuclear corepressors
- review of role of activation of PPARalpha, -beta/delta, or -gamma or LXRs in skin physiology and cytology and disease
- PPARD C allele is associated with predisposition to endurance performance.
- SNPs rs1053049, rs6902123, and rs2267668 in PPARD affect life style intervention-induced changes in overall adiposity, hepatic fat storage, and relative muscle mass.
- There is a direct link between type 1 IFN signaling and PPARdelta. The induction of PPARdelta by type 1 IFN contributes to the persistence of activated T cells in psoriasis skin lesions.
- PPARdelta antagonizes multiple proinflammatory pathways
- No significant effects of PPAR delta T+294C polymorphism or the interaction of the PPAR delta and PPAR gamma variants on adiposity-related phenotypes were observed in any age group or gender
- polymorphisms in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are critical susceptibility risk factors for dyslipidemias and diabetes [review]
- activation of COX-1/PGI(2)/PPARdelta pathway is an important mechanism underlying proangiogenic function of EPCs.
- PPARbeta/delta is strongly expressed in the majority of lung cancers, and its activation induces proliferative and survival response in non-small cell lung cancer.
- PPARD gene is associated with bipolar disorder
- These results demonstrate that epidermal growth factor induces PPARbeta/delta expression in a c-Jun-dependent manner and PPARbeta/delta plays a vital role in EGF-stimulated proliferation of HaCaT cells.
- Novel mechanism by which PPARdelta regulates lipogenesis, suggesting potential therapeutic applications of PPARdelta modulators in obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as related steatotic liver diseases.
- close proximity between cPLA(2)alpha and PPARdelta provides advantage for their efficient functional coupling in the nucleus, where AA produced by cPLA(2)alpha becomes immediately available for PPARdelta binding and subsequent beta-catenin activation.
- We have found significant interaction between CAPN5 and PPARD genes that reduces risk for obesity in 55%. CAPN5 and PPARD gene products may also interact in vivo.
- up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta is associated with thyroid tumors
- Data show that GW501516 and activation of PPARbeta/delta stimulate human lung carcinoma cell proliferation, and that GW501516 stimulates PGC-1alpha, which activates the PI-3 kinase/Akt mitogenic pathway.
- lower transactivity of PPAR delta for arachidonic acid in Caco-2 cells, compared with PPAR alpha, is associated with the binding activity of p300 to the receptor
- although acting through a ligand-dependent modality, PPARdelta is a negative regulator of VD-mediated monocyte differentiation
- ANGPTL4 is produced by human myotubes in response to long chain fatty acids and is of systemic relevance in humans.