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Validated All-in-One™ qPCR Primer for AR(NM_001348061.1) Search again
Product ID:
HQP101181
(click here to view gene annotation page)
Powered by BiozSpecies:
Human
Symbol:
Alias:
AIS, AR8, DHTR, HUMARA, HYSP1, KD, NR3C4, SBMA, SMAX1, TFM
Gene Description:
androgen receptor
Target Gene Accession:
NM_001348061.1(click here to view gene page)
Estimated Delivery:
Approximately 1-3 weeks, but may vary. Please email sales@genecopoeia.com or call 301-762-0888 to confirm ETA.
Important Note:
By default, qPCR primer pairs are designed to measure the expression level of the splice variant (accession number) you selected for this gene WITHOUT consideration of other possible variants of this gene. If this gene has multiple variants, and you would like to measure the expression levels of one particular variant, multiple variants, or all variants, please contact us for a custom service project at inquiry@genecopoeia.com.
Summary
The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain.
Gene References into function
- Androgens induce neuroprotection directly through the androgen receptor.
- Almost all of the amino acids located at the 13-residue C-terminal end of the androgen receptor participate in its ligand binding function and consequently in its transcriptional activation.
- androgen receptor and DXS15-134 markers show a high rate of discordance for germline X chromosome inactivation in patients with breast or ovarian cancer
- Molecular studies performed on eight individuals with AIS were reported. Exon-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single-strand conformation polymorphism, and sequencing analyses, were performed in exons 2 to 8 of the AR gene.
- androgen receptor CAG repeats in both black and white patients do not appear to be a strong indicator of prostatic cancer risk
- The aggregation and localization of the truncated form, with or without an expanded polyglutamine tract, is differentially controlled by Glucocorticoid receptor mutants.
- These results demonstrate that activation of the human AR NTD by IL-6 was mediated through MAPK and STAT3 signal transduction pathways in LNCaP prostate cancer cells
- The AR gene (CAG)n exhibits polymorphism among normal male population and the present work could serve as a basis for further exploration of its pathological and genetic significance.
- The FXXLF motif mediates androgen receptor-specific interactions with coregulators
- poor reproductive performance observed in women with PCOS may be due to the concomitant increase and elevations in endometrial AR
- Domain interactions between coregulator ARA(70) and the androgen receptor (AR); structure activity relationship
- Missense substitution at M807 is associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome
- stained sections throughout male genital development documented the expression of AR and 5 alpha-reductase type 2 in the phallus.
- can promote nuclear translocation of beta-catenin in LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells
- function inhibited by the reproductive orphan nuclear receptor DAX-1
- Two de novo mutations in the AR gene cause the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome in a pair of monozygotic twins.
- Conformational analysis of the androgen receptor amino-terminal domain involved in transactivation. Influence of structure-stabilizing solutes and protein-protein interactions
- role in blood pressure
- Structural basis for the glucocorticoid response in a mutant human androgen receptor
- presence of both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains in the AR is essential for the completion of a transcriptionally active form with coactivators and intranuclear compartmentalization common to the steroid hormone receptors
- CAG/CAA repeat lengths in androgen receptor gene may provide useful marker for clinically significant prostate cancer
- These results suggest a model for the functional coordination between the promoter and enhancer in which communication between these elements is established through shared coactivators in the AR transcription complex.
- CAG polymorphic repeat lengths in androgen receptor gene among Japanese prostate cancer patients: potential predictor of prognosis after endocrine therapy.
- regulation of androgen receptor by PI3 kinase
- Results suggest that the conserved AR acetylation site contributes to a pathway governing prostate cancer cellular survival, as AR acetylation mutants are defective in MEKK1-induced apoptosis.
- androgen receptor has a capacity to activate transcription in a ligand-independent manner
- The binding of HuR, CP1, and CP2 to AR mRNA suggests a role for each of these proteins in the post-transcriptional regulation of AR expression in cancer cells.
- major sites of AR phosphorylation
- contribution of genetic polymorphism of oestrogen and androgen receptor (AR) genes in male infertility
- activation function-1 domain of androgen receptor contributes to the interaction between subnuclear splicing factor compartment and nuclear receptor compartment
- identification as a coactivator for the androgen receptor [p102 U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle-binding protein]
- An androgen receptor gene mutation (E653K) in a family with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency as well as in partial androgen insensitivity.
- review of NH(2)-terminal and carboxyl-terminal interaction in the androgen receptor
- Stabilization of androgen receptor protein is induced by agonist, not by antagonists.
- significance for endocrine therapy in prostatic cancer (REVIEW)
- the androgen receptor-CAG alleles may contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma predisposition among women through a mechanism different from that for men
- Our study thus suggests a functional cooperation between AR and Stat5.
- Polymorphisms within the gene are biomarkers for the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia and benign prostatic enlargement(SRD5A2)
- DHT may play more important roles than testosterone in the regulation of androgen action in endometrial cancer and normal human endometrium, especially in the secretory phase, in which both AR and 5alpha-reductase are increased
- Androgen Receptor requires proteasome activity in prostate tumor cells
- Characterization of androgen receptor and nuclear receptor co-regulator expression in human breast cancer cell lines exhibiting differential regulation of kallikreins 2 and 3.
- review: role of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism as modifier of carcinogenesis
- the role of AR in inhibiting E(2) action at genomic level in MCF-7 cells
- Data show that steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) enhanced ligand-independent activation of the AR by IL-6 to the same magnitude as that obtained via ligand-dependent activation, and that activation required MAPK.
- Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome is caused by a novel mutation in the ligand-binding domain
- There is a coregulatory role for the TRAP-mediator complex in receptor-mediated gene expression.
- interactions between AR, Smad3, and Smad4 may result in the differential regulation of the AR transactivation, which further strengthens their roles in the prostate cancer progression
- Full binding of androgen to the polyglutamine-expanded N-terminal domain of the mutant AR leads to structural alteration with nuclear translocation that eventually results in the onset of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.
- polymorphic CAG repeats in the gene and prostate cancer risk
- Our results suggest that short CAG repeats are associated with an increased prostate cancer risk in Hispanic men.
- Comparison of fertile men and those with azoospermia on the basis of CAG repeats revealed that the number of CAG repeats in both groups were similar.
- AR possesses an intrinsic transcriptional repression activity, and AR interacts directly with SMRT
- Review. Molecular genetics & structural analysis allow a better understanding of the structure/function relationship of the androgen & its role in androgen insensitivity syndrome, hormone-resistant prostate cancer, Kennedy's disease & male infertility.
- role in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy [review]
- a new mechanism for androgen-mediated prostate cancer cell survival that appears to be independent of the activity of the receptor on androgen response element-mediated transcription
- androgen receptor has a site in the ligand binding domain that is involved in estrogen induction of androgen receptor trans-activation
- Data show that stimulation of the RhoA effector protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) signalling cascade results in a ligand-dependent superactivation of androgen receptors both in vivo and in vitro.
- Data suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) actions on normal prostate cells may be mediated independently through androgen receptors and vitamin D receptors.
- different populations may show different numbers of CAG repeats
- Chip overexpression reduced the rate of AR degradation, consistent with an effect on AR folding,Chip affected AR folding was further supported by the finding that the effects of exogenous Chip were reproduced by a mutant lacking the U box
- interaction with Cdc25B may contribute to prostate cancer development
- Data indicate that growth factors are unable to initiate the nuclear translocation of androgen receptors in the absence of androgens or to induce ligand-independent transcriptional activity.
- AR repeat length may be partly responsible for the increased risk for early-onset breast cancer in women who use OCs.
- androgens can regulate PTHrP production, and the androgen effect on PTHrP is mediated at least in part by transcriptional regulation via the androgen receptor
- identification of an inhibitory domain located in an 81-amino acid segment lying upstream of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) that interacted directly with DBD and repressed DBD binding to the androgen response element
- study suggests that the androgen receptor gene microsatellite polymorphism may be a candidate genetic marker for risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
- a direct correlation exists between the CAG repeat length in the exon 1 of the AR gene and the risk of being azoospermic.
- Positive independent correlation of the CAG repeat number with body fat content, leptin and insulin.
- Long CAG repeats in the AR gene are not associated with infertility in Finnish males.
- DNA interaction in the context of the general mechanisms that dictate the sequence-specificity of DNA-binding and dimerization of the nuclear receptors
- Substantial qualitative and quantitative differences in prostate specific antigen expression and AR occupancy of the prostate specific antigen enhancer were observed when dihydrotestosterone and ligand-independent activations of the AR were compared
- FLNa interfered with androgen receptor (AR) interdomain interactions and competed with the coactivator transcriptional intermediary factor 2 to specifically down-regulate AR function.
- data suggest that AR interacting peptides and/or AR coregulators may utilize the (F/W)XXL(F/W) and FXXLY motifs to mediate their interaction with AR and exert their influences on AR transactivation
- certain types of age-related changes in ageing men were associated with the length of the AR gene CAG repeat, suggesting that this parameter may play a role in setting different thresholds for the array of androgen actions in the male.
- The CAG repeats in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene are longer in endometrial cancer patients.
- SMRT and DAX-1 repress agonist-dependent activity of androgen receptors
- SWI/SNF function potently regulates core AR target gene promoter activation, with a preference for hBRM-containing complexes.
- The loss of the androgen receptor expression together with the observed loss of other steroid hormone receptors in BRCA1-mutated tumors may lead to a hormone-independent growth or to anti-hormone resistant growth of these tumors.
- Deletion of the polyglutamine repeat positively affected the interactions of the ligand-binding domain with the amino-terminal domain as well as the recruitment of the p160 coactivator SRC-1e to the amino-terminal domain of the AR.
- there is a direct interaction between the AR DNA binding domain (DBD) and Tcf4.
- AR and PIAS3 regulate the STAT3-mediated transcriptional activity by their physical protein-protein competition on STAT3
- Results suggest that p54(nrb) functions as a coactivator of androgen receptors that potentiates transcription and possibly splicing.
- A polyglutamine-expanded form of androgen receptor regulates its cleavage by caspase-3 and enhances cell death.
- Fifteen different mutations were identified, including five (S119X, T602P, L768V, I898F, and P904V) that have not been described previously
- earlier presentation may relate to increased androgen sensitivity, indicated by androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length.
- Androgen receptor mutation with antiandrogen withdrawal response or survival rate is not specific.
- An association exists between CAG repeat lengths and impaired spermatogenesis in azoospermic males
- EGR1 binds to the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate carcinoma cells, and an EGR1-AR complex can be detected
- Androgen receptors were only seen in hair follicle dermal papilla cells and the basal cells of the sebaceous gland.
- exon 5 of the androgen receptor has a role in androgen binding, as shown by analysis of insertion/deletion mutation in the androgen receptor
- androgen can regulate the nuclear export signal and, subsequently, the NLS of the AR, providing a mechanism by which androgen regulates AR nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling.
- GGC and CAG trinucleotide repeat lengths in the androgen receptor gene polymorphism is associated with esophageal cancer risk
- a triple complex between AR, p85alpha, and Src is required for androgen-stimulated PI3K/Akt activation
- Orphan receptor TR2 may function as a negative modulator to suppress AR function in prostate cancer. Further studies on how to control TR2 function may result in ability to modulate AR function in prostate cancer.
- IL-4 enhances PSA expression through activation of the AR and Akt signaling pathways in LNCaP prostate cancer cells
- These findings support the theory that short trinucleotide repeat genotypes of the AR gene protect against breast cancer.
- We conclude that more numerous CAG repeats do not directly cause oligozoospermia and propose that men with longer CAG repeats might be more prone to develop infertility in response to any pathogen/epigenetic factors.
- androgen receptor downregulates E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and promotes apoptosis of prostatic cancer cells
- androgen receptor, Hsp70, and Bag-1L are all targeted to the androgen response elements of the gene that encodes prostate-specific antigen
- The repeat polymorphisms in the AR gene are associated with bone mass in women with high levels of sex-hormone binding globulin.
- Promoter methylation of AR occurs in a differentiation stage-selective manner in follicular non-hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism is associated with cognitive function in older men.
- AR acetylation promoted cell survival and growth of prostate cancer cells
- H3-K4 methylation at the human prostate specific antigen (PSA) locus following gene activation and repression via androgen receptor
- Results do not support a common role for the androgen receptor gene exon 1 CAG repeat in type 1 diabetes mellitus susceptibility; however, an effect of a disease variant in linkage disequilibrium could be detected.
- androgen receptor transactivation requires activating signal cointegrator-2 and the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma
- Despite S597R mutation and severe undermasculinization, as seen in the baby, normal male phenotype for age could be achieved with treatment.
- androgen receptor transactivation and coactivation by TIF2/GRIP1 in recurrent prostate cancer is increased by EGF signaling through MAPK
- S-phase fraction was significantly higher in prostate tumors with high AR density
- Conserved hydrophobic residues are important for receptor-dependent gene transcription and that M244, L246 and V248 are part of the binding interface for TFIIF.
- The CAG repeat polymorphism in the first exon of the androgen receptor (AR) gene is associated with reduced bone mass and increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in women.
- AR is a functional component of the mechanism through which progesterone antagonists induce endometrial antiproliferative effects in the presence of estrogens
- the androgen receptor mediates non-genomic activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase in androgen-sensitive epithelial cells
- AR containing 51 glutamine repeats showed a consistent, though minimal, reduction in its ability to inhibit beta-catenin-mediated transcription, in comparison to a non-pathogenic form with 20 repeats.
- In situ shortening of CAG repeat lengths in prostate cancer(PCA), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and postatrophic hyperplasia(PAH). Frequency of CAG shortening was significantly higher in PAH than in PCA.
- Androstanediol is a stronge activator of mutant AR in prostate cancer cells and induces more cell proliferation
- Androgen receptor over-expression is associated with gastric cancer
- AR transcriptional hyperactivity associated with shortened poly(Q) length stems from altered ligand-induced conformational changes that enhance coactivator recruitment
- Data report the identification of Rad9, a key member of the checkpoint Rad protein family, as a coregulator to suppress androgen-androgen receptor transactivation in prostate cancer cells.
- The transactivational activity of AR was shown to be affected by the size of the trinucleotide-repeat-regions (CAG and GGC) within the gene.
- Novel nonsense mutations that introduce premature termination codons in the AR gene in Australian patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.
- Pim1 and Etk are required for IL6-induced activation of androgen receptor-mediated transcription in prostate cancer.
- glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta phosphorylates the androgen receptor, thereby inhibiting androgen receptor-driven transcription
- the expression of the Kennedy's disease mutation combined with a second allele with a large but normal CAG repeat sequence may have contributed to the motor neuron degeneration displayed in the heterozygote female.
- review elucidates the molecular functions of the androgen receptor and its role in prostate cancer and examines how the mechanism of androgen action has played a role in the translation of new therapies
- The interaction of the androgen receptor N-terminal activation domain AF1 with the transcription factor TFIIF complex imposes a functional conformation in the AF1 domain, which facilitates the formation of an assembly of proteins with AF1.
- Data show that the haplotype distribution of CAG and GGC repeat lengths is different in men with idiopathic infertility compared to fertile normozoospermic men.
- Mutations in androgen receptor is associated with Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome.
- An R840S mutation on exon 7 of the AR ligand-binding domain was characterized in an X-linked androgen insensitivity syndrome patient.
- AR N-terminal(1-34) suppressed both androgen-dependent AR N-to-C interaction and prostate specific antigen transcription and also caused delaying translocation to the nucleus and the decreasing stability of the AR were inhibition to enter into S phase
- Coding & splice junctions of the androgen receptor gene were scanned in genomic DNA samples from psychiatric patients. 2 variants affecting protein structure & expression were found: R726L in 1 of 17 scanned alcoholics, & P516S in 1 of 3 phobia patients.
- AR transcriptional activity is negatively regulated by CHIP, which promotes AR degradation
- Data suggest the ligand-binding domain has a role in maintaining the stability of androgen receptor-DNA complexes.
- molecular dynamic modeling to create four-dimensional models of each of the mutant receptors
- concluded that AR-CAG repeat length does not constitute an important factor for the genetic predisposition to endometriosis
- Data suggest that acetylation and phosphorylation of the androgen receptor (AR) are linked events and that the conserved AR lysine motif contributes to a select subset of pathways governing AR activity.
- LATS2 may play a role in AR-mediated transcription and contribute to the development of prostate cancer
- Candidate gene for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
- AR is controlled by a suppressor complex lost in an androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line.
- Results describe a novel mutation in exon 7 of the androgen receptor gene in a patient with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.
- androgen receptor-mediated transactivation and cell growth is suppressed by the glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in prostate cells
- SENP1's ability to enhance AR-dependent transcription is not mediated through desumoylation of AR, but rather through its ability to deconjugate histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), thereby reducing its deacetylase activity.
- PTEN, via distinct mechanisms, differentially regulates androgen receptors in various stages of prostate cancers.
- results suggest that hAR AF-1 recruits co-activators previously known only to interact with the AF-2 domain
- The < 21 CAG and GGN = 23 combination of repeats may confer a lower risk of infertility to the carriers. Androgen sensitivity may be higher among carriers of the GGN = 23 allele compared to the GGN = 24 allele.
- present study shows that the AR isoform pattern from AR de novo synthesis is directly linked to differential phosphorylation of a distinct set of sites; after mutagenesis of these sites, no major change in functional activity of the AR was observed
- Interactions between AR and beta-catenin contribute to prostate cell growth in vivo.
- The loss of AR expression is associated with invasive bladder cancer.
- analysis of binding affinities for androgen receptor coactivator interactions with AR
- In contrast to other studies, we did not find a statistically significant relationship between the size of the androgen receptor CAG repeat and impaired sperm production in Tunisian population.
- The presence of short androgen receptor alleles and the G allele of the prostate specific antigen gene may contribute to the development of prostate cancer in a 47,XXY patient.
- SNP on codon 211 in the AR gene may not have an important role in the carcinogenesis of human renal cell cancers
- Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 reduced the growth of AR-expressing prostate cancer cell lines.
- changes in IGF-IR expression exhibited by this model of metastatic progression cause significant alterations in AR signaling in prostate cancer
- diabetes or glucose impairment was more common than previously reported and, like gynecomastia, did not correlate with size of triplet repeats
- The ability of a short GGC repeat to enhance androgen action provides a biologically plausible mechanism to account for reports that a short GGC repeat in the AR gene is a risk factor for prostate cancer.
- association between GGN length and the risk of cryptorchidism and penile hypospadias
- AR is expressed in several cell types in human skeletal muscle, including satellite cells, fibroblasts, CD34+ precursor cells, vascular endothelial, smooth muscle cells, and mast cells
- There is no evidence of increased risk of prostate cancer among balck men with fewer CAG repeats.
- the effects of AR NH2- and COOH-terminal interactions may not always correlate with similar effects on AR-mediated transactivation and/or AR-mediated cell growth
- the AR functions as a ligand-regulated transcription factor.
- 4-androstenedione administration in high doses to hypogonadal men increases testosterone levels, fat free mass, and muscle strength and binds to AR.
- Androgen receptor is targeted to distinct subcellular compartments with treatment by different antiandrogens
- AR and estrogen receptor beta are important in relatively early coronary atherosclerosis.
- cyclin D1 binding to the androgen receptor NH2-terminal domain inhibits activation function 2 association
- differential expression of AR, ERalpha and ERbeta in dermal papilla of hair follicles
- Women homozygous for the Androgen Receptor CAG repeat were over-represented in ovarian cancer patients reinforcing recent suggestions that AR may have a role in ovarian carcinogenesis.
- 4-estren-3alpha17beta-diol binds recombinant AR with 10-fold higher affinity than either estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha or ERbeta.
- Mapping the region of cyclin D1 required for binding and repression of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer.
- side chains unique to the AR-ligand binding domain rearrange to bind either the bulky FXXLF motifs or the more compact LXXLL motifs
- These data failed to confirm that common genetic variation in the AR gene locus influences risk of prostate cancer
- A significant genotype-phenotype association exists in Klinefelter patients: androgen effects on appearance and social characteristics are modulated by the androgen receptor CAGn polymorphism.
- Testosterone-bovine serum albumin was also effective in inducing apoptosis of DU145 human prostate cancer cells, negative for intracellulaar AR, but expressing cell membrane AR sites.
- NCoR is a physiological regulator of the AR; the N-terminal surface of the AR-mediating NCoR recruitment was distinct from tau5 and from the FXXLF motif that mediates agonist-induced N-C-terminal interaction
- Strong nuclear immunoreactivity for AR and ERbeta was found in the secretory epithelium of apocrine glands in axilla
- Longer AR CAG repeats are more common in men with breast cancer than in the control male population. Androgen hyposensitivity, caused by long AR CAG repeats, may increase the risk of breast cancer in men.
- AR mutants found in prostate cancer had different functional alterations, which might play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer
- data suggest an important role of AR45 in modulating AR function and add a novel level of complexity to the mode of action of androgens
- Ku is a transcriptional recycling coactivator of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells
- Androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat not associated with migraine susceptibility.
- Bisphenol A can serve as a potential "hormone sensitizer" of the mutant ARs present in advanced prostate adenocarcinomas, thereby possibly contributing toward therapeutic relapse.
- AR trinucleotide polymorphism is associated with leiomyoma susceptibility
- GGC and StuI polymorphism is found on the androgen receptor gene in endometrial cancer
- Androgen receptor is recruited to the promoter of the c-FLIP gene in the presence of androgens.
- prostate cancer cell lines exhibit functional interactions between AR and vitamin D receptor signaling
- Although further studies are needed to elucidate the possible role of specific CAG/GGC combinations as a causative factor, these data suggest a possible association between androgen receptor gene polymorphisms and cryptorchidism.
- ARA70 is a coactivator for estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and may represent a functional link between ERalpha/androgen receptor (AR) modulating their cross-talk in models of estrogen signaling in MCF-7 and HeLa cells
- CDK6 may play an important role in the development and/or progression of a subset of human prostate cancers by stimulating the activity of the AR.
- androgen receptor silencing has a role in apoptotic cell death by disrupting the Bcl-xL-mediated survival signal in human prostate cancer cell lines
- Androgen receptor mutation confers agonist activity to bicalutamide and is likely involved in bicalutamide resistance to prostate cancer.
- Androgen receptor may play important role in onset of DNA synthesis in prostate cancer cells by regulating expression and stability of Cdc6, critically required for assembly of pre-replication complex.
- no statistically significant relationship between the length of the CAG repeat of the AR gene and idiopathic impaired sperm production was observed in the Turkish population, contrary to the findings from Caucasian and North American population studies
- The common alterations include gain of chromosomes 1, 7 and 8q and loss of 13q are frequently found in prostate cancer and areobserved in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: downregulation, overexpression and mutation.
- We demonstrate that genetic variability in the androgen receptor gene (AR) is the cardinal prerequisite for the development of early-onset AGA, with an etiological fraction of 0.46.
- AR mutations identified in prostate cancer (AR P340L) and androgen insensitivity syndrome (AR E2K) show reduced transcriptional responses to ART-27, whereas their response to the p160 class of coactivators was not diminished.
- AR-AR coregulator relationship is different between prostate cancer and normal tissue, leading to the hypothesis that the AR transcriptional complex is regulated differently between prostate cancer and normal tissue.
- Although not a major determinant of polycystic ovary syndrome, androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length may be a significant modulator of androgen-related diseases in some individuals.
- Statistical analysis revealed no actual link between the length of the CAG tract and a reduction of spermatogenesis in a cohort of infertile patients of Irish ethnic origin
- Normal genetic variation in the AR coding sequence may be clinically significant in the setting of early testicular failure and subnormal circulating testosterone levels, as occur in Klinefelter syndrome.
- Mutations in testis and sex differentiation diorders,(review)
- A short GGN-repeat in the Androgen Receptor gene is associated with a higher risk of cancer related death.
- expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta do not vary significantly with cancer grade, but expression of the androgen receptor is increased in estrogen receptor negative tissue as well as in grade 2 and grade 3 tumours
- LSD1 interacts with androgen receptor in vitro and in vivo, and stimulates androgen-receptor-dependent transcription
- Findings suggest that it is unlikely that the AR CAG repeat polymorphism plays a major role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
- FoxH1 has a role in androgen receptor-mediated transactivation
- the differential localization of AR and ER isoforms in human sperm reveals distinct roles of these receptors in the physiology of sperm cells
- increasing number of functional CAG repeats may be associated with endometrial carcinogenesis because of AR's reduced ability to recruit coregulators and other transcriptional components
- cyclin G associated kinase enhanced the AR transcriptional response even at low concentrations of androgens
- activation of AR and the down-regulation of IFN signaling can synergize to promote cell survival and suppress apoptosis
- data suggests that short CAG or GGN repeats of the AR gene are associated with a more benign condition of traditional prognostic variables in endometrial cancer.
- study suggests that AR is phosphorylated at Ser-213 in specific developmental and cellular contexts
- The distal enhancer complex and basal transcription apparatus of Fkbp5 gene communicate indirectly with one another, implicating a regulatory mechanism that has not been previously appreciated for androgen receptor target genes.
- The A allele of the G1733A polymorphism of the AR gene has been associated with increased risk of prostate cancer.
- Likelihood of left handedness increased in those individuals with variants of the androgen receptor associated with lower testosterone levels.
- androgen receptor is involved in VEGF and hypoxia sensing via hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1a, HIF-2a, and the prolyl hydroxylases in human prostate cancer
- stress kinases signaling and nuclear export regulate AR transcriptional activity.
- Short AR allelotype (< or = 20 CAG repeats) was associated with a higher incidence of thrombocytosis.
- Sertoli cells from certain infertile patients showed greatly decreased androgen receptor.
- Mutant androgen receptor accumulation in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy scrotal skin.
- Naturally occurring mutations alter the androgen receptor activation function 2 (AF2)and ligand binding interface.
- The data indicate that USP10 is a new cofactor that binds to the androgen receptor (AR) and stimulates the androgen response of target promoters. This finding underlines the role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in modulating the AR function.
- structure/function analysis of the ARE709K substitution that is associated with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
- SMRT and N-CoR corepressors are involved in transcriptional regulation by both agonist- and antagonist-bound AR and regulate the magnitude of hormone response, at least in part, by competing with coactivators.
- Results show no association between the AR repeat length and violent convicts, although there were more violent-criminal cases than controls with the shorter (<17) AR gene trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms.
- Vav3 enhanced AR transcription activity in prostate cancer at subnanomolar concentrations of androgen.
- Colocalization of CRH and nuclear/cytoplasmic androgen receptor (AR) was found in neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the human hypothalamus. A potential androgen-responsive element (ARE) in the human CRH promoter was also analyzed.
- Structural and dynamic abnormalities are associated with amino acid-substituted (proline892alanine and proline892leucine) mutant androgen receptor ligand-binding domains.
- our results suggest RGS2 as a novel regulator of AR signaling and its repression may be an important step during prostate tumorigenesis and progression.
- Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutation of codon 840 CGT (arginine) to CAT (histidine)led to the infertility in the patients.
- These studies indicate that the altered AR regulatory capacity of cyclin D1b contributes to its association with increased prostate cancer risk and provide evidence of cyclin D1b-mediated transcriptional regulation.
- In chimpanzees, frequent haplotypes consisting of short CAG repeats and long GGN repeats or vice versa was observed as in humans
- analysis of androgen receptor gene mutations associated with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
- hAR is a direct target of LEF-1/TCF transcriptional regulation in PCa cells; expression of the hAR protein is suppressed by a degradation pathway regulated by cross-talk of Wnt, Akt, and PP2A
- androgen and androgen receptor promote Bax-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
- Re-expression of androgen receptor in PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line resulted in upregulation of IFI16 protein, a negative regulator of cell growth.
- It is suggested that the CAG repeat length in Androgen Receptor exon 1 may affect the age of diagnosis of ovarian cancer but does so independent of germ line BRCA1 carrier status.
- Our results suggest the involvement of androgen receptor positive chondrocytes in thyroid cartilage mineralization, probably by a testosterone-linked stimulation of alkaline phosphatase.
- regions just before helix 3, between helices 5 and 6, and at helix 10 are also important for AR N-/C-terminal interaction
- To assess directly the functional significance of N-terminal glutamine (Q) tract variation, we converted the mouse AR to the human sequence by germline gene targeting, introducing alleles with 12, 21, or 48 glutamines.
- Authors suggest that AR genotype could contribute a genetic predisposition to Greenlanders, who despite one of the world's highest body burden of organohalogen pollutants, seem to be protected from hypospadias.
- FXXLF motifs, but not the corresponding LXXLL motifs, displayed a strong preference for AR LBD.
- Our crystallographic data combined with those obtained by modeling will be helpful in the design of novel molecules with stronger affinity for the AR.
- inhibition of the hsp90-dependent trafficking mechanism prevents aggregation of the expanded glutamine androgen receptor
- AR N-terminal transactivation function, activation function 1, has the potential to regulate transcription at both the level of initiation and elongation
- ER/PR/AR-negative cells transfected with AR were killed by DHEAS/AI treatment, providing evidence that AR is responsible for this effect. This provides the first AR-targeted hormonal therapy for ER breast cancer.
- there is a strong interaction of FXXFF and FXXMF motifs with the AR coactivator binding groove, which mediate specific binding of a subgroup of cofactors to the AR ligand-binding domain
- Results suggest that, in addition to its proapoptotic function, par-4 acts as a novel transcription cofactor for androgen receptors to target c-FLIP gene expression.
- CHIP recognizes AR in a highly specific, phosphorylation- and sequence-dependent manner
- The novel c.C2812T transition that might impair dimerization of the receptor is responsible for the clinical symptoms of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome in the affected individuals.
- In LNCaP cells CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha over expression inhibits expression of prostate specific antigen by Androgen receptor-dependent mechanism
- Longer Tandem Repeats in androgen receptor is associated with breast cancer
- Expression of AR protein in PC3-Lenti-AR cells resulted in transactivation of p21 and growth inhibition in culture and in mouse xenografts. Such inhibition was due to induced G1 arrest as documented by expression changes in p27 and p45(SKP2) proteins.
- androgen receptor CAG repeat length may have a role in the tumorigenic process of the prostate
- These results identify HDAC7 as a novel Androgen receptor corepressor whose subcellular and subnuclear compartmentalization can be regulated in an androgen-selective manner.
- polymorphism analysis of the AR gene suggests that the fertility of children conceived by ICSI may be conserved.
- Neuroendocrine (NE) cells of prostate cancer constitute a unique subset of cancer cells, which have a unique immunohistochemical profile. They do not express AR, consistent with their resistance to hormonal therapy.
- Short GGN repeats seem to be associated with decreased semen volume, possibly due to suboptimal AR activity
- Human PIRH2 as a key modulator of AR function, opening a new direction for targeted therapy in aggressive human prostate cancer.
- AR and ACTR may play important roles in androgen ablation resistance by controlling key cell cycle gene expression
- evidence for an androgen receptor (AR) regulatory pathway controlled by SIRT1; SIRT1 antagonists induce endogenous AR expression and enhance dihydrotestosterone-mediated AR expression
- R831X mutation in exon 7 of the androgen receptor gene associated with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome.
- association of CAG/GGN trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor gene with cryptorchidism and hypospadias in an Iranian population
- expression of AR down-regulates the migratory responses of human prostate cancer cells via CXCR4 and CCR1
- specific GGN/CAG haplotypes (CAG 21) of AR gene increase the risk of prostate cancer
- Increased AR ligand sensitivity as well as locus-specific chromatin alterations contribute to basal gene expression of a subpopulation of specific AR target genes in androgen-independent PCa cells.
- Among postmenopausal Caucasian women, common variants of the AR gene are not associated with risk of breast cancer.
- AR induction of MRP4 mediates resistance of PC cells to nucleotide-based chemotherapeutic drugs.
- c-Rel, like AR, is a part of the nucleoprotein complex regulating the androgen-responsive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter
- Androgen-sensitive (AS) prostate cancer cells do not express androgen receptor (AR) protein during mitosis, either in vitro or in vivo, consistent with AR functioning as a licensing factor for DNA replication in AS prostate cancer cells.
- increased cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity is a mechanism for increasing AR expression and stability in response to low androgen levels in androgen-independent prostate cancer
- study found 20 mutations (7 novel) in 26 of 1517 male infertility patients; a high number of mutations localized in exon 1 of the AR gene coding for the transactivation domain of the protein
- These findings collectively suggest that hinokitiol is potentially effective against prostate cancer in vitro, and thus it might become a novel chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer.
- Strong expression of AR was found in peritubular cells (PCs).
- AR-AF1 domain exhibits induced folding when contacted by transcription regulators (such as TFIIF) into a more compact and 'active' conformation.
- Identification and characterization of mutations found in prostate cancer and Kennedy's disease patients
- Expression of AR gene alleles from each of the two X chromosomes was present in the chordoma tumor, indicating a polyclonal proliferation.
- Characterization of AR functions in prostate growth and differentiation.
- The crystal structure of the complex of LGD2226 with the androgen receptor ligand-binding domain (AR LBD) at 2.1 A was solved and compared with the structure of the AR LBD-R1881 complex.
- described transgelin as the first ARA54-associated negative modulator for AR. Transgelin suppressed ARA54-enhanced AR function in ARA54-positive cells and inhibited prostate cancer cell growth.
- The expression levels of ER subtypes and AR may be important for the regulation of follicular mesenchymal cells in human scalp.
- caspase-8 regulates androgen-receptor-driven gene expression
- Potential involvement of AR-bound calmodulin in calcium-controlled, calpain-mediated breakdown of AR in prostate cancer cells.
- E;evated E2F1 transcription factor, through its ability to repress androgen receptor transcription, may contribute to the progression of hormone-independent prostate cancer.
- provide only minor support for the role of the AR and estrogen receptor 1 gene in the etiology of breast cancer
- findings suggest that AR gene amplification is an important molecular mechanism underlying the increase in proliferation rate of a substantial fraction of recurrent prostate carcinomas
- Somatic mutations at the trinucleotide repeats of androgen receptor gene is associated with male hepatocellular carcinoma
- Genetic variation in genes involved in steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and signal transduction is reported in Greek patients with cholelithiasis.
- Plays role in the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor endocytotic trafficking and active signalling in prostate cancer cells.
- investigated which roles the AR polymorphisms as well as the R554K and P185A in the AHR and AHRR genes, respectively, may play in modifying the effect of exposure to organohalogen pollutants in regard to sperm Y : X ratio
- the AR polyglycine repeat polymorphism does not confer susceptibility to androgenetic alopecia.(451-7) Status: Complete Incomplete Delete
- results imply that prostate cancer risk is associated with androgen receptor(AR)-CAG repeat and kallikrein-2 polymorphisms in Indian population but no unambiguous association was observed with PSA and AR-GGN repeat polymorphism
- This study documents HBx as a previously undescribed class of noncellular positive coregulators for AR.
- The AR(K580R) mutation promoted the malignant transformation of prostate epithelial cells in association with upregulation of placental alkaline phosphatase and activation of the Akt signaling pathway.
- Short [CAG]n repeat length(
- CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene modulated the relation between testosterone and body composition in elderly men
- The impact of androgens in various disorders and polymorphic variations in the AR gene is the main focus of this review.[review]
- intracellular control of AR expression levels through the natural AR promoter might be needed for determining AR function in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) PC-3 cells.
- The number of CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene within normal range is not a clinically relevant genetic risk factor for non-obstructive azoospermia & oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.
- ARs having a Leu701His mutation AR(L701H) was highly dependent on Hsp90 for its hormone-independent activation, suggesting that this chaperone functions in AR(L701H) folding.
- These findings suggest that reactive oxygen species is a common mediator responsible for ADAM9 protein induction in human prostate cancer cells, downstream from androgen receptor, and stress response signaling.
- Androgen receptor antagonists are useful for inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth.
- Presence of two AREs within the IGF-I upstream promoter that act in cis to activate IGF-I expression.
- The results suggest that shorter length of AR might influence the onset of MDD in female adolescents, a further elucidation of the mechanisms is warranted.
- having a short CAG repeat length in AR increases ovarian cancer risk in African Americans
- Distribution of polymorphisms in SRD5A2 and androgen receptor differed between prostate cancer low-risk population from Greenland and relatively high-risk Swedish male population.
- Synthetic progestins, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), which are currently used in hormone replacement therapy may disrupt androgen receptor signaling and contribute to breast cancer developmoent. [REVIEW]
- Data show that Gi and RGS proteins provide biochemical control of androgen receptor exclusion from the cell nucleus.
- These results indicated that in prostate cancers, HIF-1 might cooperate with the AR to activate the expression of several genes related to tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and progression.
- CAG but not GGC alleles in the AR polymorphism may play an important role in modulating the disease pattern of RA among Taiwanese women.
- These data demonstrated that PSF and p54nrb complex with AR and play a key role in modulating AR-mediated gene transcription.
- Dominant expression of androgen receptors in penile tissues of children with hypospadias may be the postnatal finding of disrupted estrogen receptor interaction during intrauterine development of external genitalia.
- IGF-1 rescue of AR toxicity is diminished by alanine substitutions at the Akt consensus site
- sFRP4 is an inhibitor of prostate cancer growth and invasion in vitro independent of androgen receptor (AR) signaling.
- There may be a hormonal and hypoxia-independent regulatory mechanism coordinating the expression of HIF-1alpha, HIV-2alpha, VEGF, the androgen receptor, and FOXP1 in prostate tumors.
- in vivo antitumor activity is promoted by combined decrease of NFkappaB and incresased thrombospondin 1
- Ack1 activated by surface signals or oncogenic mechanisms may directly enhance AR transcriptional function and promote androgen-independent progression of prostate cancer.
- Ack1 promotes prostate cancer progression to androgen-independence via androgen receptor tyrosine phosphorylation at Tyr-267 and Tyr-363, both located within the transactivation domain.
- A functional interaction of WT1 and AR might play a role during the development of the male external genitalia.
- findings support involvement of both androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor-beta in mediating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-, dehydrotestosterone-, and estradiol-induced prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression in prostate cancer cells
- 3,3'-diindolylmethane -induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction are partly mediated through the regulation of Akt/FOXO3a/GSK-3beta/beta-catenin/AR signaling
- L859F mutation resulted in highly significant loss of the ligand binding to the receptor.
- nonsense mutations that lead to carboxyl-terminal end truncated ARs are found at high frequency in metastatic PCas
- In a Chinese family affected with androgen insensitivity syndrome, the familial distinct feature is that all patients shared an identical Arg840Cys substitution in the AR but displayed high phenotypic variation in disorders of male sexual development
- Finding of anovel cytoplasmic actions for a splicing AR variant, suggesting a contribution in prostate cancer progression.
- Prostate cancer stem cells give rise to transiently amplifying epithelial cells populations with abnormal androgen receptor pathways.
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enhances transcriptional activity of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells
- ErbB-2, via PYK2-MAP kinase, upregulates the adhesive ability of androgen receptor human prostate cancer cells.
- Review. The role of AR in controlling cell cycle progression & paradoxical roles of AR in survival signals are considered.
- The number of CAG repeats was significantly greater in younger prostate cancer patients compared to controls. Comparing younger to older patients, the difference was not significant, but there was a trend towards less CAG repeats in older patients.
- data demonstrated that chronic inflammation appeared to play roles in induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta expression in prostate epithelium which was associated with increased Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and androgen receptor downregulation
- Between-subject variability in serum free testosterone in healthy men is underlain in part by differences in androgen sensitivity and feedback set point, with a contributory role of AR polymorphism.
- These data show that androgen receptor expression in the prostate is suppressed by soy protein isolate consumption, which may be beneficial in preventing prostate cancer.
- ligand-dependent AR conformation is essential for the recruitment and nuclear translocation of PMRT2 which acts as AR-coactivator, presumably by arginine methylation.
- Evidence of functional differences between two most common alleles of the AR GGN repeat, supporting its potential role in the development of human traits.
- The mean percentage of cancer cells expressing AR among the 10 cancer samples was 74%.
- AR gene might be involved in the depressive upset in adolescents, and the age- and sex-related prevalent differences might also be associated to CAG rep
- results suggest that both Runx2 and androgen receptors repress the transactivation function of the other protein by extracting it from its original compartment
- These results imply that c-Jun plays a pivotal role in the pathway that connects ligand-activated AR to elevated ETV1 expression, leading to enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and prostate cancer cell invasion.
- Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-independent non-genomic signals transit from the androgen receptor to Akt1 in membrane raft microdomains
- Inappropriate activation of androgen receptor by relaxin via beta-catenin pathway.
- Human sperm express a functional AR that have the ability to modulate the PI3K/AKT pathway, on the basis of androgen concentration
- findings show androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat length (RL) might modify the association between endogenous total and bioavailable testosterone and depressive symptoms in younger black men
- the number of CAG repeats in the AR gene was negatively correlated with prostate weight
- STAT 3 and androgen receptor signaling are inactivated in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells after administration of Saw Palmetto
- Association of androgen receptor trinucleotide repeats with hormone refractory prostatic cancer patients in a north Indian population.
- These data suggest that cyclin D3/CDK11p58 signaling is involved in the negative regulation of AR function.
- Wwox suppresses Ap2gamma/ErbB2-induced prostate cancer cell growth, an effect that requires functional androgen receptor.
- Expression of saposin C-originated saposin C may upregulate AR gene expression and activate the AR transcriptional function in an androgen-independent manner in prostate cancer cells.
- Androgen receptor gene mutations located in the N-terminal transactivation domain, are a novel mutation c.118delA presumed to result in a complete loss of AR function and to be associated with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.
- Binding sequences for the avian erythroblastosis virus E26 homologue (ETS) transcription factor family were also highly enriched, and we uncovered an interaction between the AR and ETS1 at a subset of AR promoter targets.
- Results indicate that longer CAG(n)/GGN(n) combinations increase the risk of Breast Cancer and suggest that CAG and GGN AR polymorphisms should be considered in order to assess the BC risk.
- Using transient transfection assays in prostate cancer LNCaP and HeLa cells engineered to express the AR, study shows that synthetic androgen R1881 and dihydrotestosterone stimulate expression of a versican promoter-driven luciferase reporter vector.
- data do not support major role for AR polymorphism as breast cancer risk factors
- Polygonal and cuboidal cells in pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma exhibited a uniform pattern of monoclonality, indicating that both cell types are highly likely to originate from a common precursor
- Results show that AR directly interacts with CRIF1 via the activation of function-1 domain of AR.
- Show that there is no association between CAG repeat length variation and semen quality.
- an association for breast cancer risk between short (SS) alleles for the repeat variants of the ESR2 and AR genes was found in women of Greek descent.
- ARs with short Q tracts (12Q), which are transcriptionally more active, induce earlier disease in the transgene-induced TRAMP prostate cancer model than alleles with median (21Q) or long (48Q) tracts.
- GnRH II is widely expressed in prostate cancer and is an AR-regulated gene.
- Expression of androgen receptor co-regulators in the testes of men with azoospermia.
- Androgen receptor gene polymorphism may affect the risk of urothelial carcinoma
- The PCR HUMARA technique adequately assesses reduction of Ph-positive clone in CML patients with CCR and points to polyclonal hemopoiesis.
- SUMO-specific protease 1 transcription is induced by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells
- These data suggest that SGK-1 is an androgen-regulated gene that plays a pivotal role in AR-dependent survival and gene expression.
- Weak linkages in AR can be identified and can be good information for the prediction of possible new mutations that can result in phenotype abnormality.
- AR defects were found in 66.7% of patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and 13.6% of patients with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.
- This review aims to provide an overview of the AR coregulator proteins identified to date and to propose a classification of these AR coregulator proteins according to the function(s) ascribed to them.
- Androgen receptor protein is present in a wide variety of human first trimester fetal tissues (thymus, bronchi, spinal cord, and heart) and shows the potential for androgen affecting tissues.
- The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognostic value of the immunohistochemical detection of the androgen receptor status, assessment of neuroendocrine differentiation and the assessment of microvessel density in patients with prostate cancer.
- These data identify novel nongenomic mechanisms involving androgen, AR, and Hsp27 activation that cooperatively interact to regulate the genomic activity of AR.
- These results suggest a novel indirect mechanism of androgen action on FHL2 expression and provide evidence that SRF is an important determinant of AR action in prostate cancer cells.
- Potentially different genetic mechanisms behind benign prostatic hyperplasia in Finnish and other Caucasian populations.
- novel role of androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer development
- The findings indicate that a brain-specific expansion of androgen receptor triplet repeats is unlikely to underlie motor neuron loss in ALS or Progressive Muscular Atrophy.
- The interaction between AR and its corepressor SHP was studied using X-ray crystallography. Similarity of binding sites for coactivator peptides and SHP, suggests that transcriptional AR activity may be inhibited by SHP by competing with AR coactivators.
- The promoter-selective effects seen for the AR acetylation site mutants strongly suggest this post-translational modification to be important in the fine-tuning of the effects of androgens on different target genes.
- findings suggest that mutant androgen receptors, activated by alternative ligands, drive growth via different mechanisms to androgen-activated wild-type receptor
- ligand-mediated dynamic relationship of nuclear receptors with mitotic chromatin can be effectively exploited to study, analyze and authenticate therapeutic ligands
- ZIP kinase plays a crucial role in androgen receptor-mediated transcription.
- Cyclin D3 is a critical modulator of the androgen response, whose deregulation may foster unchecked AR activity in prostate cancer.
- In etoposide-treated LNCaP cells, p53 bound the AR promoter, which contains a potential p53 DNA-binding consensus sequence. loss of p53 function in prostate cancer cells contributes to increased expression of AR.
- Shorter lengths of repeats in the AR gene might act as low penetrance genetic background in varying manifestation of androgen insensitivity.
- The work presented here provides the first evidence of synergy between AR and the prolactin signaling protein Stat5a/b in human prostate cancer cells.
- Androgen receptor regulates CD168 expression and signaling in prostate cancer
- Taken together, our findings indicate that HNF-3alpha is a novel corepressor of AR, and predict its effects on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
- fewer number of CAG repeats and total repeats (CAG + GGC) in the AR gene may be associated with increased risk for prostate cancer.
- We purpose that androgen receptor should be routinely measured for breast cancer.
- The AR gene CAG repeat polymorphism may contribute to the serum concentration of free testosterone in polycystic ovary syndrome patients.
- The presence of long SHBG(TAAAA)n alleles is associated with increased risk for polycystic ovary syndrome and in combination with short androgen receptor(CAG)n alleles may influence the hyperandrogenic phenotype of PCOS.
- androgen stimulates Bcl-xL expression via the AR and that increased Bcl-xL expression plays a versatile role in castration-resistant progression of prostate cancer
- oridonin, isoliquiritigenin and wogonin cause downregulation of AR and PSA, affecting cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle parameters
- Incubation of a Sertoli cell line with testosterone triggered corecruitment of AR and GATA4 to the Rhox5 proximal promoter. GATA and AR form a complex with the Rhox5 proximal promoter in vitro.
- The time-dependent EGF-induced increase in AR transcriptional activity by MAGE-11 is mediated through AR activation functions 1 and 2 in association with the increased turnover of AR and MAGE-11.
- An association between AR trinucleotide repeats and prostate cancer risk in a population-based sample of African Americans.
- RanBP10 enhances AR transactivation as a homo-oligomer or a hetero-oligomer with RanBPM
- The androgen receptor gene CAG(n) polymorphism may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of premature adrenarche, especially in lean children.
- These results indicate a negative regulation of prostate cancer growth and invasion by stromal AR.
- DNA-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of the androgen receptor, or an interacting component, helps target the androgen receptor for export from the nucleus
- Novel missense mutation in the P-box of androgen receptor in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome.
- Size of the exon 1-CAG repeats of the AR gene employed as a molecular marker in the diagnosis of Turner syndrome is reported.
- Androgen receptor gene short CAG repeats with a relatively high receptor function may constitute a susceptibility factor for the development of premature ovarian failure.
- Calcitriol requires a functional AR to inhibit the expression of the UGT2B17 gene in LNCaP cells.
- Androgen receptor (AR) N-terminal transactivation domain exists in a natural disordered structure which has been called a pre-molten globule or molten globule state and is likely to have important implications for AR function on androgen-regulated genes.
- The androgen receptor N-terminal domain has the main transactivation function and interacts with both the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of general transcription factor RAP74/TFIIF and the C-terminal domain of coactivator SRC-1a.
- UGT2B15 and B17 are primary androgen-regulated genes and androgen receptor is required for both their basal expression and their androgen-regulated expression.
- AR protein is found in both X- and Y-carrier spermatozoa, and it is translated in earlier steps of spermatogenesis and moves to Y-carrier spermatids through the cytoplasmic bridges.
- No association between androgen receptor genetic variation, as measured by haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms and CAG repeat number, and risk of CVD was observed in women.
- The HER-2/neu signaling pathways may contribute to development of metastatic disease in prostate cancer.
- isosilybin B treatment enhances the formation of complex between Akt, Mdm2 and AR, which promotes phosphorylation-dependent AR ubiquitination and its degradation by proteasome
- Case Reports: Sex-reversed phenotype in association with two novel mutations c.2494delA and c.T3004C in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene.
- These results provide evidence using clinical specimens, that upregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is associated with phosphorylation of the AR during development of HRPC.
- the crosstalk between genotropic and non-genotropic AR signalling interferes with signalling of EGFR in response to ligand leading to a lower invasive phenotype of AR-positive PCa cells [review]
- Our study suggests that the reduced CAG repeats in the AR gene are associated with criminal behavior.
- p85alpha and p110beta are essential for androgen-stimulated AR transactivation, and their aberrant expression or activation might play an important role in prostate cancer progression
- These data identify an inhibitory action of AR on EGFR signaling, and support research investigating AR/EGFR antagonism in the treatment of ovarian cancers.
- The androgen receptor gene and EDA2R are significantly associated with androgenetic alopecia.
- Overexpression of CMTM3 represses androgen receptor (AR) transactivation, while knocking down it can increase AR transactivation.
- A transcriptional repressor complex that binds a specific sequence (repressor element) in the androgen recptor gene 5'-untranslated region in prostate cancer contains Pur alpha.
- The nuclear import of AR is regulated by the interplay between each domain of the AR.
- leupaxin could serve as a potential progression marker for a subset of PCa and may represent a novel coactivator of the androgen receptor
- Androgen actively evokes a nongenomic signaling pathway to activate PKA that is needed for the genomic functioning of nuclear AR.
- TRIM68 regulates ligand-dependent transcription of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells.
- New mutation of the androgen receptor gene, as a deletion in exon 1 not described previously, was identified in a case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.
- Increased androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity, like increased AR expression, can promote androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells.
- High levels of AR and AR-regulated gene expression indicate a central role for AR in growth regulation of castration-recurrent prostate cancer.
- men with short AR alleles had lower sperm motility compared to those with long AR alleles (P < 0.001)
- Inhibition by pomegranate polyphenols of gene expression involved in androgen-synthesizing enzymes and the androgen receptors may be of particular importance in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.
- These data for the first time demonstrate that not only saposin C or PSAP regulates AR expression/activity, but also function as an androgen-regulated gene in prostate stromal cells.
- There is a positive association between the androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and bone mineral density, which is modified by androgen levels in healthy men.
- allelic variation in PSA promoter activity may be androgen dependent and interaction of genes in androgen pathway may influence the risk of BPH and PC in Singapore males.
- AR transcriptional activity increases castration-recurrent prostate cancer cell growth in response to EGF by site-specific serine phosphorylation that regulates nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling through interactions with the Ku-70/80 regulatory complex
- The androgen and progesterone receptors regulate distinct gene networks and cellular functions in decidualizing endometrium.
- inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell lines may reduce AR transcriptional activity and AR protein levels
- AR expression after heat treatment is involved in heat-induced cell junction disruption
- The polymorphism was not found to be a major risk factor for the presence of PCOS and for hyperandrogenemia in PCOS.
- The percentage of AR-positive cancer cells was higher in hereditary prostate cancer compared with sporadic cases.
- Here we review recent data from mouse models in which gene targeting was used to humanize the mouse Ar gene and introduce CAG/glutamine tracts of varying lengths.
- These data suggest that longer Androgen Receptor (CAG)n repeat alleles may confer an increased risk of breast cancer among particular subsets of individuals, although these findings need replication in other populations.
- These data demonstrate that ARA24/Ran increases AR transactivation by enhancing the androgen receptor N-C interaction in the nucleus.
- The androgen receptor missense mutations P723S, P904S, and H917R, clinically associated with CAIS, which were described to have a normal maximum androgen binding (Bmax) but elevated equilibrium dissociation constants, is analyzed.
- A common motif targets huntingtin and the androgen receptor to the proteasome
- A simple and effective mechanism by which prostate cancer cells can synthesize a constitutively active AR and thus circumvent androgen ablation.
- Testosterone represses MAFbx expression via interactions of the AR with Oct-1.
- stimulation of AR45 receptors by androgens up-regulates HERG K+ channel abundance and activity mainly through stabilizing HERG protein in an ERK1/2 dependent mechanism, and suggest a mechanism to explain the sex difference in the long QT syndrome
- present findings suggest that CYP17A1, CYP19, and androgen receptor polymorphisms are unlikely to be associated with an increased risk of uterine leiomyomas in Brazilian women
- These data demonstrate for the first time that PKD1 can influence AR function in prostate cancer cells.
- Variation at the androgen receptor gene is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in males with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
- androgen-receptor functions in androgen-dependent prostate-cancer cells and identify strategies to specifically target the proliferation-promoting function of androgen-receptor without compromising cancer-cell differentiation.
- FOXP1 directly interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and negatively regulates AR signaling ligand-dependently.
- androgen receptor CAG repeat length is not a major determinant of metabolic syndrome in women but it contributes to ovarian androgen production
- Results imply that androgen signalling through the androgen receptor may positively or negatively regulate TGF-beta1 expression in response to various signals or under different environmental conditions.
- A novel mutation F826L located within the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the human androgen receptor (AR) was investigated.
- analysis of androgen regulation of the androgen receptor coregulators
- isoflavone-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis are partly mediated through the regulation of the Akt/FOXO3a/GSK-3beta/AR signaling network.
- Evidence for association of the G1733A polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene with recurrent spontaneous abortions.
- Data suggest that RhoA and B small GTPases, along with ROCK, are major membrane androgen receptor effectors controlling actin reorganization and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
- Review focuses on the clinical features and molecular pathophysiology of androgen insensitivity syndrome and explores the relationship of the molecular defects in the AR gene to their clinical expression.
- AR genes are overexpressed by granulosa cells from stimulated follicles of women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.
- decreased PMEPA1 expression frequently noted in prostate cancers may lead to increased AR functions and strengthen the biological role of the NEDD4-binding protein PMEPA1 in prostate cancers
- RNA editing of AR gene transcripts may contribute to the etiology of hormone-refractory phenotypes in advanced stage AI CaP
- coexpression of PTEN and AR should be undertaken to validate this pilot study and the utility of these biomarkers in routine histopathologic workup of patients with PC.
- Molecular analysis of the AR and SRD5A2 genes in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development.
- the AR might function as a suppressor in epithelial cells and a proliferator in stromal cells in the primary prostate tumors
- These results demonstrate calpain involvement in proteasome inhibitor-induced AR breakdown, and suggest that AR degradation is intrinsic to the induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
- Data support the view that the presence and length of the poly-glutamine repeat modulate the folding and structure of the androgen receptor amino-terminal domain.
- there are two parallel cell-survival pathways in prostate cancer cells: a strong Akt-independent, but rapamycin-sensitive pathway downstream of mTORC1, and an AR-dependent pathway downstream of mTORC2 and Akt, that is stimulated by mTORC1 inhibition
- Prolonged androgen receptor (AR) localization to the regulatory regions of AR targeted genes and the recruitment of p160 coactivators are a potential mechanism leading to androgen-independent activation of the AR in prostate cancer.
- the activated AR can downregulate E-cadherin expression to promote the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis.
- We found that the testosterone-related increase of white-matter volume was stronger in male adolescents with the lower versus higher number of CAG repeats in the AR gene, with testosterone explaining, respectively, 26 and 8% of variance in the volume.
- Dihydrotestosterone inhibits adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells and human preadipocytes through an AR-mediated pathway.
- There is an association of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism length with obesity and serum leptin in men with type 2 diabetes.
- down-regulation of SOD2 induces AR activity in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner
- The AR CAG repeat length correlates significantly with serum T and estradiol of aging men.
- These findings show that AR antagonists can enhance corepressor recruitment by stabilizing a distinct antagonist conformation of the AR coactivator/corepressor binding site
- Findings suggest that the GGGA repeat from ESR1 and the CAG repeat from AR may be associated with risk of late onset prostate cancer.
- there may be limited clinical use for determining AR expression in men with localized prostate cancer
- This study provides evidence that male gender identity might be partly mediated through the androgen receptor.
- androgen receptor signaling and prostate specific antigen expression is suppressed by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in different progression stages of LNCaP prostate cancer cells
- androgen receptor-occupied regions with different functions, defined by histone acetylation, coregulators and transcriptional capacity
- The authors report here that CDC25A, a cell cycle-promoting phosphatase over-expressed in a number of cancers, functions as an androgen receptor (AR) coregulator suppressing the AR transcriptional activity.
- The ligand-binding domain of the human androgen receptor has been cloned, overproduced and crystallized in the presence of a coactivator-like 11-mer peptide and two different nonsteroidal ligands.
- The enrichment of ARORs for the Oct-binding, TTGGCAAATA-like motif may reflect a mechanism that utilizes Oct1 to keep AR activity in check at some AR-occupied regions, while augmenting AR activity in other AR-occupied regions
- putative AR co-factor, DDX17, is known to be a co-factor for estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), but has never been associated with AR function.
- HER-2/neu, AR, and p53 are expressed in a subset of histologically and clinically benign pleomorphic adenomas. These markers cannot be used to reliably predict early carcinomatous transformation in pleomorphic adenoma.
- Case Report: Ala 586 Asp mutation in androgen receptor disrupts transactivation function without affecting androgen binding.
- Drosophila CREB binding protein (dCBP) was found to corepress AR transactivation at the pericentric region whereas it led to coactivation in the euchromatic area.
- KLK4 is only expressed in breast and prostate cancers that express the progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR), respectively.