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Validated All-in-One™ qPCR Primer for RAD51(NM_002875.4) Search again
Product ID:
HQP016077
(click here to view gene annotation page)
Powered by BiozSpecies:
Human
Symbol:
Alias:
BRCC5, FANCR, HRAD51, HsRad51, HsT16930, MRMV2, RAD51A, RECA
Gene Description:
RAD51 recombinase
Target Gene Accession:
NM_002875.4(click here to view gene page)
Estimated Delivery:
Approximately 1-3 weeks, but may vary. Please email sales@genecopoeia.com or call 301-762-0888 to confirm ETA.
Important Note:
By default, qPCR primer pairs are designed to measure the expression level of the splice variant (accession number) you selected for this gene WITHOUT consideration of other possible variants of this gene. If this gene has multiple variants, and you would like to measure the expression levels of one particular variant, multiple variants, or all variants, please contact us for a custom service project at inquiry@genecopoeia.com.
Summary
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family. RAD51 family members are highly similar to bacterial RecA and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51, and are known to be involved in the homologous recombination and repair of DNA. This protein can interact with the ssDNA-binding protein RPA and RAD52, and it is thought to play roles in homologous pairing and strand transfer of DNA. This protein is also found to interact with BRCA1 and BRCA2, which may be important for the cellular response to DNA damage. BRCA2 is shown to regulate both the intracellular localization and DNA-binding ability of this protein. Loss of these controls following BRCA2 inactivation may be a key event leading to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, which encode distinct proteins, have been reported. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyA signals exist. [provided by RefSeq].
Gene References into function
- molecular evolution
- reduces double-strand break-induced homologous recombination with overexpression in mammalian cells
- Elevated levels of Rad51 recombination protein in tumor cells.
- differential effects of overexpression on gene targeting and extrachromosomal homologous recombination in a human tumor cell line
- biochemical characterization by ATP hydrolysis
- binding and ATPPase inhibition by adenine nucleotides
- modulation of DNA binding by adenosine nucleotides
- TGFbeta can promote DNA instability through down-regulation of Rad51 and inhibition of DNA repair.
- autoantibody screening indicates Rad51 is a tumor-associated antigen in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- involved in homologous DNA pairing
- association of oligomeric state with biochemical function
- interacts with FANCD2 in S phase cell lines
- physiological role for the WRN RecQ helicase protein in RAD51-dependent homologous recombination
- crystal structure of a complex between an evolutionarily conserved sequence in BRCA2 (the BRC repeat) and the RecA-homology domain of RAD51
- S-phase RAD51 foci form normally in CAPAN-1 cells expressing truncated BRCA2. Moreover, we find that RAD51 specifically associates with chromatin at S phase in a reaction that is BRCA2-independent.
- In conclusion, effective and prompt IR-induced Rad51 focus formation is cell cycle-regulated and requires both ATM and c-Abl.
- study implies that the G/C polymorphism of the RAD51 gene may not be directly involved in the development and/or progression of breast cancer and so it may not be useful as an independent marker in this disease
- p53 interacts with hRAD51 and hRAD54, and directly modulates homologous recombination.
- Ectopic expression of the recombination protein Rad51 can protect cells from radiation-induced translocations.
- exogenous nuclease-defective FEN-1 causes repeat instability and aberrant DNA repair. Inefficient flap processing blocks the formation of Rad51/BRCA1 complexes but invokes repair by other pathways
- Rad51 is involved in the signalling and repair of DNA damage--REVIEW
- link between elevated Rad51 protein levels, genome instability, and tumor progression
- results establish a direct functional link between p53 and Rad51, and reveal that one of p53's functions in genome stabilization may be to prevent detrimental genome rearrangements promoted by Rad51
- ADP/ATP processing and strand exchange by hRAD51 is enhanced by hXRCC2
- investigation of the role of tyrosine 315 by comparing the three-dimensional structures of human Rad51 and its prokaryotic homologue, Escherichia coli RecA
- a crucial role of the ATPase activity in regulation of DNA strand exchange activity of hRad51 protein.
- Mutational analyses of the human Rad51-Tyr315 residue indicates an important role of Tyr315 residue in ssDNA binding and DNA filament formation.
- Rad54 protein serves as a dsDNA gateway for the Rad51-ssDNA filament, promoting binding and an ATP hydrolysis-dependent translocation of dsDNA during the search for homologous sequences
- Rad51 binds at a promiscuous, highly electrostatic binding site in p53
- FANCD2 mediates double strand DNA break repair independently of BRCA2- and Rad51-associated homologous recombination
- BLM collaborates with RAD51 to facilitate recombination repair and promotes the resistance of BCR/ABL-positive leukemia cells to DNA-damaging agents.
- purified hRad51 and hRad52 interact with each other as well as with Mini chromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins in HeLa cell extracts
- Rad51 forms regular stable filaments with extended double-stranded DNA in conditions that promote an efficient in vitro strand exchange reaction.
- Data show that JC polyomavirus T-antigen inhibits homologous recombination DNA repair by binding insulin receptor substrate 1, which then translocates to the nucleus and binds Rad51 at the site of damaged DNA.
- These results help us to model important mechanistic steps of hRad51 presynapsis on ssDNA templates.
- MDC1 functions in Rad51-mediated homologous recombination by retaining Rad51 in chromatin.
- We have made the unexpected observation that Rad51 degradation via the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway occurs as a natural part of recombinational DNA repair.
- Because mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 may be directly linked with breast cancer, genetic variations in the BRCA2 and RAD51 genes may be believed to play a role in this disease.
- DNA-induced disassembly of higher-order forms of Rad51 and Rad52 proteins as steps that precede protein assembly during hRad51 presynapsis on DNA, in vitro.
- RAD51C ensures a tight regulation of RAD51 assembly during DSB repair and plays a direct role in repairing DSBs in vivo.
- three cis-sequence elements in the Rad51 transcriptional promoter may help explain high-level expression of Rad51 in a variety of solid tumours
- Rad51 regulates expression of genes involved in actin remodelling
- analysis of lateral diffusion of human Rad51 on double-stranded DNA
- We suggest that p53 has a role in RAD51 clearance post DSB repair and that nucleoli might be sites of RAD51 protein degradation.
- RAD51 expression levels may influence the outcome of patients with head and neck cancer treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
- Mg2+ influences the discrimination and release of ADP, which may sequentially impose an important regulatory step in the hRAD51 ATPase cycle
- The association of Rad51 with the nuclear matrix correlates with the formation of Rad51 nuclear foci as a result of DNA damage
- salt-induced characteristics of hRAD51 increasingly resemble RecA-mediated recombinase activities
- Rad51, shows a preference for binding to single-stranded DNA sequences primarily rich in G-residues and poor in A- and C-residues.
- The G/C polymorphism of the RAD51 gene may not be directly involved in the development and=or progression of breast cancer.
- These data suggest that variants in the RAD51 HR gene may modulate genetic predisposition to acute myeloid leukaemia(AML).
- Results demonstrate that the L1-loop of Rad51 plays a crucial role in the assembly of extended nucleoprotein filaments on dsDNA, but the N-terminal domain and the L2 DNA-binding loop have significantly less impact on this process.
- Hypoxia induces substantial p130 dephosphorylation and nuclear accumulation, leading to the formation of E2F4/p130 complexes and increased occupancy of E2F4 and p130 at the RAD51 and BRCA1 promoters.
- The finding that the functional RAD51 172G>T SNP, particularly in the presence of the P53 Arg72Arg genotype, may be a marker of susceptibility to SCCHN needs to be validated by larger studies of different ethnic populations.
- The obtained results indicate that alteration in the RAD51 region may contribute to the disturbances of DNA repair involving RAD51 and BRCA1 and thus enhance the risk of breast cancer development.
- Our data suggest that ATP binding and release without hydrolysis by the K133A mutant protein act as a mechanistic surrogate in a catalytic process that applies to all RecA-like recombinases.
- MSH2 deficient cells irradiation exposure, indicating defective homologous recombinational repair.
- These results support a model where an interaction with RAD-51 alone is likely involved in filament nucleation, whereas a second independent interaction is involved in stabilization of RAD-51 filaments by BRCA2.
- Rad51 has a role in chemoresistance in human soft tissue sarcoma cells along with p53 and activator protein 2 transcriptional regulation
- Productive recombination results from the functional balance between the different RAD51-binding modes of the BRC repeat and exon 27 regions of BRCA2.
- Interactions of the BRCA2 C-terminal region with RAD51 may facilitate efficient nucleation of RAD51 multimers on DNA and thereby stimulate recombination-mediated repair.
- assembly of the Rad51 presynaptic filament represents an obligatory step in the enhancement of the chromatin remodeling reaction
- The output 3D molecular structure from the combination between BRCA2-RAD51 is derived
- BLM, signal transducer 53BP1, and RAD51 interact during stalled replication. Interactions between the three proteins have functional consequences.
- the XRCC1 Arg399Gln and RAD51 5'UTR G135C polymorphisms have roles in breast cancer aggressiveness
- bipartite mechanism of Hop2-Mnd1 in homologous DNA pairing: stabilization of the Rad51 presynaptic filament and duplex DNA capture to enhance synaptic complex formation
- differences in the DNA-binding properties between HsRad51(R150Q) and HsRad51 may be important to account for the tumorigenesis in breast cancer patients with the HsRad51(R150Q) mutation
- the apparent occurrence of an unusual TG 3' splice site in intron 3 is discussed
- Real-time kinetics of human RAD51 filament assembly and disassembly on individual molecules of both single- and double-stranded DNA.
- RAD51 135G>C polymorphism has a role in familial breast cancer in a South American population
- Overexpression of the homologous recombinase RAD51 in a DT40 BRCA1Delta/Delta mutant rescues defects in proliferation, DNA damage survival, and homologous recombination.
- The observed preference of hRad51 to form nucleoprotein filaments on double-stranded DNA rather than on single-stranded DNA is due to the fact that it depolymerizes much faster from ssDNA than from dsDNA.
- 135G-->C may modify the risk of breast cancer in BRCA2 mutation carriers by altering the expression of RAD51.
- XRCC3 Thr241Met, RAD51 G135C and GSTM1 genotypes did not increase susceptibility to AML when assessed singly, but when XRCC3 and RAD51 genotypes were examined together an increase in susceptibility to AML was seen in children with variant alleles
- the electrostatic environment around position 313 is important for the regulation of the HsRad51 recombinase activity.
- germline mutations in RAD51, RAD51AP1, RAD51L1, RAD51L3, RAD52 and RAD54L are unlikely to be causal of an inherited predisposition to CLL.
- fission yeast (Rhp51) and human (hRad51) RecA homologues promote duplex-duplex DNA-strand exchange in vitro
- Chk1 and Chk2 regulate the functional associations between hBRCA2 and Rad51 in response to DNA damage
- BCCIP-dependent repair of double strand breaks by homologous recombination is an early RAD51 response to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage.
- Identification of a novel hRad51 variant that lacked the sequence corresponding to exon 9 (hRad51-Deltaex9).
- Dinucleotide CA repeat polymorphism at RAD51 and BRCA2 gene regions might be associated with genetic susceptibility to breast cancer.
- caspase 3 cleavage of Rad51 resulted in a functional decrease in Rad51 strand exchange activity and that inhibition of caspase 3 activity increased Rad51 protein levels and Rad51 foci
- Results indicate that Rad51 and Dmc1 filaments are essentially identical with respect to several structural parameters, including persistence length, helical pitch, filament diameter, DNA base pairs per helical turn and helical handedness.
- Rad51 protein protects lung cancer cells from synergistic cytotoxic effects induced by gefitinib and chemotherapeutic agents.
- Rad51 presynaptic filaments are sufficient to locate a homologous sequence and form initial joints, even on the surface of a nucleosome.
- Rad51 protein stimulates the branch migration activity of Rad54 protein.(
- results indicate that Rad51 can compensate for some aspects of a BRCA2 gene defect and suggest that Rad51 expression levels may be an important modifier of the BRCA2 defective genotype
- alteration in RAD51 region may contribute to the disturbances of DNA repair involving RAD51 and/or BRCA2 penetration and thus enhance the risk of breast cancer development.
- Results describe the mechanism of transfer of the allosteric effect between DNA and ATP binding, conformational changes upon nucleotide binding, and the position of DNA-binding sites for human Rad51.
- suggest a model for the vertebrate cell cycle in which homologous DNA recombination during the G2 phase is separated from DNA replication in S phase and chromosome segregation in M
- agonist stimulation of RAD51 promotes the formation of active presynaptic filaments aand resistance to the cross-linking chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin
- results suggest a contribution of BLM and RAD51 to breast cancer development and provide support for the tumorigenic significance of the functional interaction between these two HR proteins
- Reversibility, equilibration, and fidelity of strand exchange reaction between short oligonucleotides promoted by RecA protein from escherichia coli and human Rad51 and Dmc1 proteins.
- AKT1 inhibits homologous recombination by inducing cytoplasmic retention of BRCA1 and RAD51.
- disassembly of human RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments results from the interplay between ATP hydrolysis and the release of the tension stored in the filament
- These data suggest that the assembly of Rad51 into nuclear foci is assisted by association with the nuclear matrix, which may support the spatial organization of the process of repair by homologous recombination.
- the nucleus, nuclear interaction between IRS-1 and Rad51, and the inhibition of recombination.
- real-time assembly and disassembly of human Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments on double-stranded DNA
- DNA molecules into large co-aggregates of RAD52-RAD51-DNA complexes promote RAD51 mediated DNA unwinding reaction.
- Human RAD51 protein is essential in the cell proliferation and cell survival.