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Validated All-in-One™ qPCR Primer for B2M(NM_004048.3) Search again
Product ID:
HQP015171
(click here to view gene annotation page)
Powered by BiozSpecies:
Human
Symbol:
Alias:
IMD43
Gene Description:
beta-2-microglobulin
Target Gene Accession:
NM_004048.3(click here to view gene page)
Estimated Delivery:
Approximately 1-3 weeks, but may vary. Please email sales@genecopoeia.com or call 301-762-0888 to confirm ETA.
Important Note:
By default, qPCR primer pairs are designed to measure the expression level of the splice variant (accession number) you selected for this gene WITHOUT consideration of other possible variants of this gene. If this gene has multiple variants, and you would like to measure the expression levels of one particular variant, multiple variants, or all variants, please contact us for a custom service project at inquiry@genecopoeia.com.
Validated result:
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| A | B |
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Each All-in-One™ qPCR Primer is experimentally validated to yield a single dissociation curve peak and to generate a single amplification of the correct size for the targeted gene. A cDNA Pool, containing reverse transcript products of 8 different human tissue total RNA(Liver, Testis,Muscle,Thyroid,Brain,Spleen,Stomach,Small Intestine)),was used as the qPCR validation template. qPCR was performed using 0.2 µM primer with 2XAll-in-One™ qPCR Mix (Catalog#: QP001,QP002,QP004,QP005). Reactions were incubated for 10min. at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec.; 60°C, 20 sec. and 72°C, 15sec. using Bio-Rad iQ5™ Instrument. At the end of the last cycle, temperature was increased from 72 to 95°C to produce a melting curve. Panel A: Validated Result for Amplification Curve; Panel B: Validated Result for Melting Curve. |
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Summary
Beta-2-microglobulin is a serum protein found in association with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells (Gussow et al., 1987 [PubMed 3312414]).[supplied by OMIM].
Gene References into function
- structure in amyloid fibril formation
- cleaved form partially attains a conformation that has amyloidogenic features
- solution structure determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and restrained modeling calculations
- Signal transduction of beta2m-induced expression of VCAM-1 and COX-2 in synovial fibroblasts.
- Strong associations were found between B2M serum levels and chromosome 14q32 abnormalities, but not del(13), in multiple myeloma.
- basis in developing CD8+ T cell antagonists
- Conformation of beta 2-microglobulin amyloid fibrils analyzed by reduction of the disulfide bond
- equilibrium denaturation measured by (1)H-(15)N NMR to determine conformational properties of an amyloidogenic intermediate of human beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) formed at low pH
- Mapping the core of the beta(2)-microglobulin amyloid fibril by H/D exchange
- Assembly of the FcRn alpha-chain with beta(2)microglobulin is important for both transport of FcRn from the ER to the cell surface and efficient pH-dependent IgG binding.
- Functional reconstitution of human FcRn in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells required co-expression
- Increased expression of beta 2-microglobulin is associated with multiple drug resistance in tumor cells
- Crystal structure reveals clues to its amyloidogenic properties
- Results suggest that the reduced mobility of the denatured state is an important factor for the amylodogenic potential of beta2-microglobulin.
- A dominant negative mutant of this protein blocks the extracellular folding of MHC I heavy chain
- results suggest that the apparent iron-deficient phenotype elicited by haemochromatosis protein (HFE) is not linked to beta(2)microglobulin insufficiency
- Beta2-microglobulin aberrations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the testis and the central nervous system.
- USF1 & USF2 bind to the B2M E box & regulate its transactivation. NF-kappa B subunits p50 & p65 bind to the kappa B box & p65 transactivates beta(2)m. IRFs1, 2,4,& 8 but not PU.1, bind to the Ets/ISRE. IRF1 & IRF3 are strong transactivators of beta(2)m.
- taken up by synovial fibroblasts and macrophages of patients with osteoarthritis
- Data suggest that residues 59-71 may be important in the self-association of partially folded beta(2)microglobulin into amyloid fibrils.
- Block of b2m expression results in complete loss of HLA class I antigen expression on melanoma cells and disease progression
- high concentrations retards the generation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, which may involve down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, inactivation of Raf/MEK/ERK cascade and NF-kappaB, and activation of STAT3
- a possible marker of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Our analysis suggests that the favored monomer building block for fibril elongation is the conformation of the isolated beta(2)-microglobulin, without the beta-bulge on strand D and without strands A and G participating in the fibril beta-sheet structure
- atomic force microscopy study of beta-2 microglobulin
- beta 2-microglobulin N and C-terminal strands have roles in amyloid formation at neutral pH
- analysis of beta 2-microglobulin amyloid formation with destabilized proteins
- Some glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans could enhance deposition of beta2m amyloid fibrils in vivo, possibly by binding directly to the surface of the fibrils and stabilizing the conformation of beta2m in the fibrils
- mutations in which proline was introduced to each of the beta-strands of B2M affected the amyloidogenic potential of B2M to various degrees, and demonstrated that stability of the amyloid fibrils is a key factor determining the amyloidogenic potential
- examined the unfolding processes of B2M and two related variants, a DeltaN6 and a Lys57-Asp58 cleavage, by high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. Conformational changes of variants may relate to polymerization tendencies related to amyloidosis.
- Causes dialysis-related amyloidosis, by virtue of its retention when renal function fails, its deposition in tissues, its aggregation into fibrils, and its ability to become glycosylated. Review.
- structure activity relationship; His31-->Tyr human beta2m mutant, a non-natural form of beta2m that is more stable than the wild-type protein, displaying a ten-fold acceleration of the slow phase of folding
- the internal structures are similar for beta2-microglobulin and amyloid fibril protein
- B2M serum levels can be used as a marker for early diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection after kidney transplantation.
- Results show that a seven-residue segment of human beta2-microglobulin (beta2M), not found in mouse beta2M, is sufficient to convert beta2M to the amyloid state, and that specific residue interactions are crucial to the conversion.
- beta(2)-microglobulin shows a similar heat capacity change upon amyloid formation to that of the folding to the native globular state, whereas the enthalpy change of the reaction is lower
- effects of guanidine hydrochloride on the amyloid fibrils of beta2-m reveal a cooperative unfolding transition similar to that of the native state.
- an unfolded beta(2)m at C-terminal is found in hemodialysis-related amyloidosis
- There is an optimal concentration of salts required for efficient fibril growth of beta 2-microglobulin, suggesting that counterion interaction is crucial in amyloid formation.
- Unfolded delta lysine-58-cleaved beta2m, a slightly modified beta 2-microglobulin variant generated by limited proteolysis, may behave as a monomeric amyloidogenic intermediate under physiologic conditions.
- used atomic force microscopy to map the formation of beta2-microglobulin amyloid fibrils with distinct morphologies and persistence lengths
- Ultrasonication induces amyloid fibril formation of beta2-microglobulin
- alphaB-crystallin prevents the fibril growth of beta2-microglobulin
- thermograms of amyloid fibril solution showed a remarkably large decrease in heat capacity that was essentially released upon the thermal unfolding of the fibrils
- REsults describe the effects of hydrostatic pressure on amyloid fibrils of beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m), involved in dialysis-related amyloidosis.
- Results describe the seeding-dependent propagation and maturation of beta2-microglobulin amyloid fibril conformation.
- Low pH may stabilize the straight conformation of edge beta-strand D (containing residues with amyloid-like fibril-forming potential) and thus increase the amyloidogenicity of beta 2-microglobulin
- Results describe the structures of partially unfolded amyloidogenic intermediates of beta(2)-microglobulin .
- Data provide a crystallographic comparison of H-2D(b) in complex with gp33 peptide and either human or mouse beta(2)microglobulin.
- Results describe the first step of amyloid initiation-dimer formation of a seven residue peptide (NHVTLSQ) from human beta2-microglobulin at pH 2.0.
- High yields of amyloid-like fibrils are observed for all proteins when assembly is seeded with fibril-seeds formed from recombinant protein stabilized by addition of heparin, serum amyloid P component, apolipoprotein E, uremic serum, or synovial fluid.
- identification of a specific folding intermediate, containing a non-native trans-proline isomer, as the direct precursor of fibril elongation
- elevated levels of beta2M parallel progression of HIV disease and suggest its use as an alternate marker for determining HIV progression
- crystallization of murine MHC class I H-2Db in complex with human beta2-microglobulin
- demonstrated that human herpesvirus-7 down-regulates beta 2-microglobulin and HLA class I and II expression during infection of the SupT1 cell line and primary human lymphocytes
- Fc fragment of IgG binds IgG and albumin, salvages both from a degradative fate, and maintains their physiologic concentrations
- beta2-microglobulin aggregation under physiopathological conditions of dialysis-related amyloidosis is regulated by collagen
- Study of a specific beta2-microglobulin variant that has been found circulating in dialysis patients, which may be involved in beta2-microglobulin amyloidogenicity in vivo.
- Mutations at the beta2m gene level were detected in all cell lines in melanoma.
- Apical distribution of HFE-beta2-microglobulin is associated with inhibition of apical iron uptake in intestinal epithelia cells.
- differential scanning calorimetric thermograms of acid-unfolded beta(2)-microglobulin monomers in presence of amyloid seeds showed large decrease in heat capacity with sigmoidal temperature-dependence, which was released at higher temperature.
- Multivariate analysis showed that serum beta2M was a significant prognostic factors in multiple myeloma patients' survival.
- analysis of amyloid fibrils of beta2-microglobulin
- Results describe the structure of interacting segments in the growing amyloid fibril of beta2-microglobulin.
- By revealing the structure of beta(2)-microglobulin protofilament-like fibrils, this work represents technical progress in analyzing amyloid fibrils in general through solid-state NMR
- When patients progressed, level of beta-2-microglobin increased significantly.
- Results suggest that functional beta2m may be necessary for distant metastasis formation in colorectal cancer patients.
- Besides beta(2)m and tapasin, an extra unidentified component is also critical for the expression of certain human class I alleles.
- beta2-microglobulin has an important role in regulating the growth and survival of renal cell carcinoma cells and anti-beta2-microglobulin antibody is a potential novel therapy for the treatment of human renal cell carcinoma.
- analysis of the localisation and functional effects of the HFE and its chaperone protein beta2M
- Beta-2 microglobulin accumulates in the majority of gastric tissue of patients with active gastritis who were H pylori positive, whereas no accumulation was found in H. pylori negative patients.
- Transgenic expression of human beta2- microglobulin alters self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in such a way that it modulates the natural killer (NK) cell phenotype, causing NK cells to be partially self-reactive.
- although the formation of beta2-microglobulin fibrils was enhanced under acidic conditions, it remains unknown if it is related to the increased propensity for the disappearance of the beta-bulge in strand D
- Results describe the heat-induced conversion of beta(2)-microglobulin and hen egg-white lysozyme into amyloid fibrils.
- biophysical analysis of the protofibril model for the full-length beta2m protein
- Significant association between urinary beta2-microglobulin excretion and cancer mortality in cadmium polluted area.
- The cystatin C, beta2-microglobulin and beta-trace protein levels displayed changes with increased levels in the third trimester but unaltered levels during the first and second trimesters.
- HLA-B27 has a role in Beta 2-microglobulin amyloid deposit, as shown in transgenic rats
- B2M level measured at first autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a useful predictor for progressin in multiple myeloma.
- beta2M level was an independent prognostic marker in patients with follicular lymphoma treated with anthracycline
- High molecular weight B27 is characterized by high secondary structural content, structural stability, stability to proteolysis by trypsin, and structural features that are both partly native-like, and partly non-native-like.[
- analysis in a sizable cohort of patients with long-term follow-up suggests that B2M levels do not add prognostic value to high-risk genetic factors
- PCPE-1 interacts with beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m) and may help initiate beta2-m amyloid fibril formation in connective tissues
- Amyloid nucleation triggered by agitation of beta2-microglobulin under acidic and neutral pH conditions.
- Comparing the beta2-m fragment with Abeta indicates that while both adopt similar beta-strand-turn-beta-strand motifs, the final amyloid structures can be dramatically different .
- Serum beta2M levels can help predict outcome in patients greater than or =60 years with untreated acute myeloid leukemia.
- findings suggest that reduction of the plasma beta2-microglobulin level due to advances in dialysis therapy in recent years has contributed to the decreased incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome
- beta2-microglobulin residues 62-70 provide a complementary interface that is key to the generation of amyloid fibrils for this protein at acidic pH
- there is a beta-sheet architecture underlies in beta2-microglobulin amyloid fibrils
- studies are the first to demonstrate a prognostic role of B2M at the mRNA level and suggest that low B2M expression levels might be useful for identifying patients with lymph node metastasis and/or poor survival
- Map7/B2M may serve as a valuable prognostic marker in patients with Stage II colon cancer.
- analysis of distinct mutations in beta2-microglobulin genes in sarcomatoid renal carcinoma
- A comparative analysis of the unfolding/refolding kinetics of mutants revealed the prolyl isomerization to be coupled with the conformational transitions, leading to apparently unusual kinetics, particularly for the unfolding.
- The Logistic regression analysis showed that the levels of serum and urinary beta2 MG before operation were correlated with early acute renal failure after liver transplantation.
- conformational changes in the C-terminus of beta(2)m may play an important role in dialysis-related amyloidosis
- beta2M downstream signaling regulates AR and PSA expression directly in AR-positive prostate cancer cells.
- The experimental evidences gathered on the two mutants reinforce the hypothesis that conformational strain in the DE loop can affect beta2m stability and amyloid aggregation properties.
- beta2M expression in the tissues is associated with survival and may be involved in tumour progression and metastasis in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC).
- Examination with a 22-residue K3 fragment of beta2-m showed that the inhibition of fibril growth
- immature amyloid-like fibrils of beta2-m exhibited a volume intermediate between those of the mature fibrils of beta2-m and K3
- These data suggest that beta2M is essential for the correct subcellular distribution of both HFE and hepcidin, two proteins, which are critical for iron homeostasis.
- lymphoblasts and endothelial cells derived from HLA-E/human beta2m transgenic pigs are effectively protected against human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- serum beta(2)-microglobulin may be another potential marker of cardiovascular complications in patients on hemodialysis.