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Validated All-in-One™ qPCR Primer for ESR2(NM_001437.2) Search again
Product ID:
HQP005002
(click here to view gene annotation page)
Powered by BiozSpecies:
Human
Symbol:
Alias:
ER-BETA, ESR-BETA, ESRB, ESTRB, Erb, NR3A2, ODG8
Gene Description:
estrogen receptor 2
Target Gene Accession:
NM_001437.2(click here to view gene page)
Estimated Delivery:
Approximately 1-3 weeks, but may vary. Please email sales@genecopoeia.com or call 301-762-0888 to confirm ETA.
Important Note:
By default, qPCR primer pairs are designed to measure the expression level of the splice variant (accession number) you selected for this gene WITHOUT consideration of other possible variants of this gene. If this gene has multiple variants, and you would like to measure the expression levels of one particular variant, multiple variants, or all variants, please contact us for a custom service project at inquiry@genecopoeia.com.
Validated result:
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| A | B |
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Each All-in-One™ qPCR Primer is experimentally validated to yield a single dissociation curve peak and to generate a single amplification of the correct size for the targeted gene. A cDNA Pool, containing reverse transcript products of 8 different human tissue total RNA(Liver, Testis,Muscle,Thyroid,Brain,Spleen,Stomach,Small Intestine)),was used as the qPCR validation template. qPCR was performed using 0.2 µM primer with 2XAll-in-One™ qPCR Mix (Catalog#: QP001,QP002,QP004,QP005). Reactions were incubated for 10min. at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec.; 60°C, 20 sec. and 72°C, 15sec. using Bio-Rad iQ5™ Instrument. At the end of the last cycle, temperature was increased from 72 to 95°C to produce a melting curve. Panel A: Validated Result for Amplification Curve; Panel B: Validated Result for Melting Curve. |
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Summary
This gene encodes a member of the family of estrogen receptors and superfamily of nuclear receptor transcription factors. The gene product contains an N-terminal DNA binding domain and C-terminal ligand binding domain and is localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Upon binding to 17beta-estradiol or related ligands, the encoded protein forms homo- or hetero-dimers that interact with specific DNA sequences to activate transcription. Some isoforms dominantly inhibit the activity of other estrogen receptor family members. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq].
Gene References into function
- ERa but not ERbeta is present in human preadipocytes
- To determine whether receptor-induced changes in DNA structure are related to transactivation, we compared the abilities of ER alpha and ER beta to activate transcription and induce distortion and bending in DNA.
- Homology modeling of the estrogen receptor subtype beta (ER-beta) and calculation of ligand binding affinities.
- Estrogen receptors are found in brain areas involved in regulation of food intake. The anorexic effects of estrogen are accentuated by stress, thus that variation in the estrogen receptors may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to AN in females.
- expression of estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta were studied in leiomyomas and homologous myometrium from women in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle and from women treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue
- these results show that although estrogen can up-regulate endogenous PR gene expression in osteoblasts via both ER isoforms, ER-alpha is the predominant inducer.
- the extent of AF-2-dependent cofactor recruitment by ERalpha or ERbeta is affected both by ER ligands and estrogen-responsive element sequences
- crystal structures of the ER alpha ligand binding domain (LBD) bound to both THC and a fragment of the transcriptional coactivator GRIP1, and the ER beta LBD bound to THC
- Identification of ten exon deleted ERbeta mRNAs in human ovary, breast, uterus and bone tissues: alternate splicing pattern of estrogen receptor beta mRNA is distinct from that of estrogen receptor alpha.
- demonstrated that ERalpha but not ERbeta directly interacts with calmodulin
- effect on cyclin D1 expression
- ER-beta is the only estrogen receptor detected at the protein level in the morphologically normal developing human fetal prostate
- estrogen via estrogen receptor 2 directly modulates differentiation of bipotential stromal cells into the osteoblast and adipocyte lineages, causing a lineage shift toward the osteoblast
- expressed in human stomach adenocarcinoma
- We outline additional exons in the genes' 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions and a nested gene.
- Expression and cellular localization of naturally occurring beta estrogen receptors in uterine and mammary cell lines
- The dominant expression of ER-beta in cultured female skin fibroblasts suggests that ER-beta may play a dominant role in collaboration with ER-alpha in the regulation of estrogen action in skin.
- lack of effect of RsaI polymorphism on bone mineral density and response to alendronate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis
- ER beta gene polymorphisms are associated with higher bone mineral density in premenopausal women, suggesting that the ER beta gene may have a modulatory role in bone metabolism in young adulthood.
- Estrogen receptor-beta is expressed in Barrett's metaplasia and associated adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.
- ERalpha and ERbeta make unique contributions to xenoestrogen action in target cells
- Estrogen receptor-beta is present in the human growth plate in childhood and adolescence
- expression of either ERalpha or beta lowers both basal and stimulated PPARgamma-mediated transactivation, demonstrating that signal cross talk exists bidirectionally between PPARgamma and ER in breast cancer cells
- estradiol receptor beta1 and estradiol receptor betacx/beta2 proteins were identified within multiple cell types within the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle with levels of ERbetacx/beta2 reduced in the midsecretory phase
- data indicate that coordinated expression of ERalpha and ERbeta might be necessary for normal estrogen action in myometrium and that estrogen appears a dominant regulator of both receptors in the myometrium
- Data show that normal breast tissues express 9 of the 10 identified variant estrogen receptor beta mRNAs, and of the nine variants, mRNAs with exons 5-6 deletions were significantly decreased in a large majority of cancer tissues.
- Data report the cloning of a novel isoform of the ERbeta cDNA that consists of a previously unidentified 5'-sequence and the exons 5-8 of the ERbeta gene.
- continuous expression of ERbeta at significant levels in untreated primary and metastatic adenocarcinoma indicates these tumors can use estrogens through an ERbeta-mediated pathway
- During the second trimester, some but not all somatic cells within the human fetal testis express wild-type ER-beta (ER-beta-1) protein and/or the variant isoform of ER-beta (ER-beta-2) that lacks amino acids essential for binding to estradiol.
- Ligands differentially modulate the protein interactions of the human estrogen receptors alpha and beta
- a single residue in the ligand-binding domain determines the stereoselectivity of ERbeta
- Data show that liganded ERalpha is a much more potent transcriptional activator than ERbeta with chromatin templates, but not with naked DNA.
- Our findings highlight that a limited number of critical interactions of DPN with the ERbeta ligand-binding pocket underlie its ER subtype-selective character.
- Mechanistic differences in the activation of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha)- and rhis protein's dependent gene expression by cAMP signaling pathway(s).
- This protein is expressed and synthesized in the human internal thoracic artery.
- analysis of isoforms of estrogen receptor beta
- modulates synthesis of bone matrix proteins in osteoblast-like MG63 cells
- The wide distribution of ERbeta in human skin suggests that oestrogens may play an important role in the maintenance of skin and in the regulation of the pilosebaceous unit, and provides further evidence for oestrogen action in non-classic target tissues
- ER-beta E5DV, E6DV and E5+6DV, constitutively expressed in human ovary and uterine endometrium might, in part regulate estrogen responsiveness
- study of equilibrium dissociation constants for dimerization of ERbeta
- estrogen-induced estrogen receptor degradation serves to control physiological responses in human vascular endothelium by down- regulating estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta through different proteasomal uptake mechanisms
- ER-beta is associated with a more differentiated trophoblast state. Enhanced expression of 64 kDa ER-beta variant in trophoblast cultures suggests a unique role of ER-beta hormone binding domain in regulating trophoblast differentiation.
- estrogen receptor-mediated estrogen signalling is modulated by a co-regulatory-like function of activated AhR/Arnt, giving rise to adverse oestrogen-related actions of dioxin-type environmental contaminants
- Estradiol upregulates aromatase expression by a nongenomic action by a nongenomic action of this receptor via cross-talk with growth factor-mediated pathways.
- malignant ovarian epithelial cells demonstrated multiple alterations in the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha, estrogen receptor-beta, progesterone receptor A, and progesterone receptor B
- concluded that hERbeta548 is not a common variant in Africans, Caucasians, or Asians
- Rare polymorphisms at codons 119 and 432 of CYP1B1 gene have higher risk for endometrial cancer, and positive correlations with ERalpha and ERbeta expressions in endometrial cancer.
- Oestrogen-activated ERalpha presents a higher transcriptional activity compared with ERbeta, probably due to structural differences in the AF-1 regions. Genistein and daidzein act as full agonists when bound to ERbeta.
- Estrogen receptor beta highly expressed in epidermis, blood vessels, and dermal fibroblasts. In hair follicle, localized to nuclei of outer root sheath, epithelial matrix, and dermal papilla cells. Main mediator of estrogen action.
- The methylation status of estrogen receptor-beta is cell-specific in human cancer cell lines.
- Estrogen receptor-alpha represses human GnRH receptor gene transcription via an indirect mechanism involving Creb-binding protein.
- adrenomedullin may be involved in both normal and malignant tissue growth and because of the correlations with estrogen receptor alpha and beta status, there is evidence that ovarian cancer is endocrine-related
- expression of ERbeta isoforms may differentially impact ERE-regulated target gene expression in a ligand-dependent manner.
- the enhanced cytoplasmic expression of ERbeta in the tuberomamillary nucleus may be involved in the diminished neuronal metabolism of these neurons in Alzheimer's disease patients.
- Functional and clinical implications of observed ER beta distribution in the hypothalamus are discussed in relation to reproduction, autonomic-function, mood, cognition, and neuroprotection in health and disease.
- Alterations in Estrogen receptor-beta expression is associated with testicular germ cell tumors
- expression of ERbeta mRNA in breast tumors was found to be inversely associated with the degree of methylation of promoter
- Sequence variants of the estrogen receptor beta gene (ESR2) may be associated with increased risk for breast cancer, particularly among women who have a high level and long-term endogenous estrogen exposure.
- Preliminary results confirming decrease of wild type ER-beta, ER-beta/delta 5/6 and ER-beta/delta 6 mRNA copy number in endometrial adenocarcinoma can show their relationship with high risk of carcinogenesis
- Estrogen receptor beta mediates the antiestrogens which up-regulate GCS and GSTP1.
- AIB1-Delta3 causes a significant increase in the efficacy of 17beta-estradiol at both estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) and ER-beta in ovarian, breast and endometrial cancer cell lines
- possible role of ERbeta and/or neighboring genes in the etiology of disease in bulimic patients.
- In node-negative primary breasst tumors, IGF-IR positively correlated with ERbeta but not with ERalpha, tumor size or grade.
- differential recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1 and silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors by estrogen receptor-alpha and beta in breast cancer may be central to the response of the tumor to endocrine treatment
- A large number of colorectal cancers are positive for ERbeta, which can also be detected in normal colonic epithelia
- Introducing ERbeta into MCF-7 cells causes an inhibition of proliferation in vitro and prevents tumor formation in a mouse xenograft model.
- ERalpha and ERbeta are located within the MCF7 cell mitochondrial matrix.
- ERalpha and ERbeta interaction with their cognate target DNAs require the C-terminal extension and HMGB-1/-2
- Tranhcriptional activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase via estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and ERbeta in human pregnant myometrium.
- role for ERbeta in breast cancer and imply that ERbeta-specific ligands may reduce proliferation of ER-positive breast cancer cells through actions on the G(1) phase cell-cycle machinery
- both ER-alpha and ER-beta mRNA are expressed in human mature adipocytes with a large predominance of ER-alpha mRNA
- ER beta has a role in the development and treatment of breast cancer [review]
- ER alpha interacts with the p55 regulatory subunit of PI3K, whereas ER beta interacts with Akt1 in spermatozoa
- Molecular determinants of Erb in the selectivity of 16 alpha-iodoestradiol were studied.
- Of the approximately 100 regulated genes we identified, some were stimulated by E2 equally through ERalpha and ERbeta, whereas others were selectively stimulated via ERalpha or ERbeta.
- Data identify two peptides that are highly selective for tamoxifen-bound estrogen receptor (ER) alpha or beta, and suggest that these peptides recognize a novel tamoxifen-induced binding surface that is distinct from the agonist-induced AF-2 surface.
- ERbeta in basket-like terminals was preferentially observed in elderly male controls and AD patients, a novel phenomenon. Presence of basket-like ERbeta may reflect reduced activity associated with increase in hyperphosphorylated tau staining.
- ER beta cx, a variant of ER beta, may have a role in mediating the action of hormonal antineoplastic agents in treatment of breast neoplasms
- Male and female AD patients had lower ER alpha and beta densities in CP compared to non-AD patients.
- ER alpha mRNA was increased at 6 days but not at 14 days whilst ER beta mRNA expression was only increased at 14 days with 17 beta estradiol treatment
- ERbeta acts as a tumor-suppressor by its anti-proliferative, anti-invasive and pro-apoptotic propertiesin prostate cancer.
- inhibition of ERbeta in combination with the antiapoptotic properties of NF-kappaB may therefore contribute to pathogenesis of granulosa cell tumors
- Epigenetic regulation of ER-beta is a reversible and prostatic tumor stage-specific process.
- Changes in ERbeta and its isoforms may be important in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of endometrial cancer.
- results provide evidence for a proliferative role of ERbeta in LNCaP prostate cancer cells
- Data show that estrogen receptor (ER)beta was degraded in the presence of 17beta-estradiol, and in contrast to ERalpha, ERbeta degradation was not abolished by inhibitors of the proteasome-mediated protein degradation pathway.
- CYP7B catalyzes oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylation within the human prostate epithelium and an ERbeta-specific agonist, 7HD, is produced.
- The AluI polymorphism in the ERbeta gene is associated with an increased risk of stage IV endometriosis in a Japanese population.
- estrogen receptor beta was membrane-associated in platelets
- Keratinocytes express ER-beta. Estradiol did not induce additional ER-beta expession.
- ERbeta exerted multiple stimulative effects on breast cancer development and metastasis.
- ERbeta suppressed PAI-1 promoter activity by an estrogen-independent mechanism.
- The G allele of the estrogen receptor beta A1730G polymorphism was more frequent in patients with an early age of onset of Parkinson's disease.
- ERalpha and ERbeta genes show CpG methylation in breast neoplasms, and CpG methylation of the ERbeta gene seems to play a role in cell proliferation
- expression of these ERbeta variants in cells where there is no ERalpha suggested that these ERbeta splice forms may have functions other than that of modulating ERalpha activity
- These results suggest that ERalpha is the functionally dominant partner in the ERalpha/beta heterodimer.
- In the presence of estradiol ERbeta repressed CRH-binding protein promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner.
- ESR2 CA repeat genotype is significantly linked to the attainment of peak bone mass in women.
- Low Estrogen receptor beta level is associated with tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer
- results indicate that the mitochondrial ERs can interact with mtEREs and suggest that they may be directly involved in E2 induction of mtDNA transcription
- Alternatively spliced estrogen receptor beta expression is altered in breast carcinoma
- Estrogen receptor 2 1082guanine>adenine genotype may influence low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in women with abundant estrogen levels, due to either endogenous or exogenous sources.
- data provide evidence of transcriptional crosstalk between ERbeta and RAR in ERbeta-positive breast cancer cells that are growth inhibited by retinoic acid
- 17beta estradiol promotes Hela cell survival through ER alpha non-genomic signaling and cell death through ER beta non-genomic signaling
- Loss of estrogen receptor beta expression is associated with gallbladder cancer progression
- results demonstrate that transcriptional adaptor ADA3 protein directly binds to human estrogen receptor alpha and beta and enhances the transcription of estrogen receptor-responsive genes
- ER-B1, ER-B2, ER-B3 and ER-B5 are overexpressed in esophageal adenocarcinoma compared to its precursor lesion, Barrett's metaplasia.
- These results suggest that ERbeta is expressed in fetal brain and thus may mediate effects of estrogen in the developing nervous system. Furthermore, the results suggest that expression of ERbeta in fetal brain may be regulated by estrogen.
- the ERE sequence impacts estradiol-and 4-hydroxytamoxifen-occupied ERbeta interaction with coregulators as measured by transcriptional activity in mammalian cells
- Androgen receptor and estrogen receptor beta are important in relatively early coronary atherosclerosis.
- Hypermethylation of the ER beta gene negatively affects the development of tamoxifen resistance
- differential expression of AR, ERalpha and ERbeta in dermal papilla of hair follicles
- ER beta deletion variants were found in the haploid germ cell fractions. The distribution raises the question whether splice variants have specific functions in spermatogenesis, and if the differential splicing is regulated in a cell-specific manner.
- estrogen receptor alpha and beta signalling have roles in the naringenin-induced apoptotic cascade in cancer cells
- ER-beta may influence tumor progression in ways different from those mediated by the ER-alpha isoform
- abundance and specific localization of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human term myometrium seems to be independent of its contractile activity which may point to the specific role of those receptors in late pregnancy myometrium
- Loss of estrogen receptor beta is associated with prostatic tumors
- Strong nuclear immunoreactivity for AR and ERbeta was found in the secretory epithelium of apocrine glands in axilla
- cultured and freshly isolated endometrial endothelial cells each express ER-beta mRNA but not ER-alpha.
- ER may play a role in the rapid effects of resveratrol in EC and some of the atheroprotective effects of resveratrol may be mediated through rapid activation of ER signaling in EC
- Study suggests a favorable impact of PPARG expression on disease-free survival of patients with ductal breast carcinoma and its possible cooperation with ERbeta in exerting this favorable effect.
- Myasthenia gravis (MG) patients showed increased expression of estrogen receptor(ER) alpha on thymocytes and both ER alpha and beta on T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- HSP27, an ERbeta-associated protein, shows attenuated expression with coronary atherosclerosis and modulates estrogen signaling.
- Expression of mRNA for estrogen receptors-alpha and -beta in breast tumors before and after 3-month neoadjuvant hormone therapy with antiestrogen tamoxifen and/or aromatase inhibitors.
- This review proposes that signaling through the estrogen beta receptor retards periosteal bone formation and suppresses gains in bone size and bone strength as a skeletal response to exercise, and for these reasons ER beta behaves as an antimechanostat.
- Expression of estrogen receptors (ERs)-alpha and -beta analyzed in human fetal ovaries at various gestational ages.
- ERalpha/beta heterodimers exert unique effects on estrogen- and tamoxifen-dependent gene expression in human U2OS osteosarcoma cells
- Results suggest that over-expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-beta1 in the presence of endogenous ERalpha is associated with tamoxifen sensitivity but may negatively modulate ERalpha-mediated growth.
- Transcriptional repression of the human insulin receptor gene mediated by estrogen receptor beta in U-937 cells.
- Functional coupling between ERbeta and ErbB receptors and outlines the differential role of the AF-1 region in the regulation of the estrogen-dependent cell growth.
- Estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta mRNA levels increased from the first to the second trimester and then decreased until normal term delivery.
- hsp90 ligands induced an estsrasdiol and MG132-inhibited decrease of both estrogen receptor-alpha and -betas cell content.
- Results show that variation in ESR2 gene may be linked with increased AD susceptibility and furthermore, this association is gender specific.
- ERbeta plays an important role in colon cancer as a regulator of cell proliferation through the control of key cell cycle modulators and arrest in G1-S phase transition.
- The amino terminus of ERbeta impairs the binding of ERbeta to estrogen response element.
- Polymorphisms in ERbeta may have modulating effects on human spermatogenesis.
- expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta do not vary significantly with cancer grade, but expression of the androgen receptor is increased in estrogen receptor negative tissue as well as in grade 2 and grade 3 tumours
- Resistance to various chemotherapeutics resulting from stable transfection of RBM17 (SPF45) in A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells may be due to effects of SPF45 on transcription and splicing of ERbeta-regulated genes.
- Data suggest that mutation of the estrogen receptor beta but not alpha is an independent risk marker for premature coronary artery disease.
- Cytosine-adenine repeat polymorphism of the ER-beta gene may be associated with menopausal and premenstrual symptoms.
- Activation of ERbeta by different phytoestrogens in a breast cancer context; a screening bioassay tool to evaluate the estrogenic activity of extracts of herbs and foods
- the differential localization of AR and ER isoforms in human sperm reveals distinct roles of these receptors in the physiology of sperm cells
- A specific ERbeta variant is associated with impaired healing in the elderly, predisposing individuals to venous ulceration.
- The altered ER beta/ER alpha ratio in endometriotic glands suggests that estrogenic effects on local matrix metalloproteinase 1 are primarily mediated via ER beta.
- Data suggest a role for estrogen receptor beta as an important mediator of the repressive effects exerted by antiestrogens on H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells.
- ESR2 overexpression is very frequent in pulmonary sclerosing hemangiomas, and is similar to alveolar cells but quite different from non-small cell carcinoma.
- cloning and functional characterization of two unique ER isoforms, ERbeta4 and ERbeta5
- the ESR2 gene may be involved in breast cancer susceptibility.
- ESR2 polymorphisms are associated with left ventricular (LV) structural differences in women with hypertension in a community-based population.
- In astrocytic tumours low ERbeta expression correlated significantly with high grade, higher expression of cytoplasmic BAG-1 and worse survival. There was also significant association of BAG-1 nuclear expression with HSP70 cytoplasmic expression.
- ERbeta influences ERalpha protein levels
- Finding supports the hypothesis that sequence variation in the promoter region of ERbeta is of importance for risk of prostate cancer.
- results suggest that variations in the ESR2 might influence susceptibility to hypospadias
- ER-beta was the only hormone receptor expressed by stroma of fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors, both at protein and mRNA level.
- estrogen receptor beta is the predominant estrogen receptor in human coronary arteries and correlates with coronary calcification, a marker of severe atherosclerosis
- overexpressed hER-beta but not hER-alpha may induce caspase-8-mediated apoptosis by increasing the hTNF-alpha gene expression in a ligand-dependent manner in poorly differentiated HA22T cells
- classical estrogen receptors mediate rapid signals induced by estradiol in these cells
- ERbeta selectivity of OBCP ligands can be attributed to a combination of their interactions with Met-336 in ERbeta and Met-421 in ERalpha
- glucocorticoid-dependent mechanism exists whereby the selective action of estradiol via ERbeta may be promoted
- Estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) is the dominant receptor expressed in bladder cancer cell lines and in the majority of human bladder tumors. Moreover, the degree of ERbeta expression increases with increasing stage and grade of differentiation.
- To test bioactivity of estrogens, human ESRB ws expressed in a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain.
- ER-beta and pRb2/p130 proteins co-immunoprecipitate in both nucleus and cytoplasm of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The interaction of pRb2/130 with ER-beta may have a functional significance in regulating ER-beta activity.
- Women who are homozygotic for ERbetacx + 56 G-->A A/A may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease due to higher homocysteine levels.
- Subjects with the C allele of T-1213C were associated with higher risks of osteoporosis.
- Longer Tandem Repeats in estrogen receptor beta is associated with breast cancer
- specific polymorphisms in the CYP1B1, ESR1, and ESR2 genes may play a role in progression of benign breast disease to breast cancer among Caucasian women
- ERbeta had diverse effects on gene expression, enhancing or counteracting ERalpha regulation for distinct subsets of estrogen target genes
- Both ER alpha and beta could mediate estrogen action in spermatogenetic cells. Presence of short ER-beta form in abnormal germ cells and its disappearance in mature sperm, support estrogen modulation via different ERs during sperm maturation.
- both ERs were significantly overexpressed in macrophages of women with endometriosis compared with controls
- The present observations gave no support for the hypothesis that somatic mutations in the ERBeta gene should be involved in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis (GCA).
- there is an E2-dependent, ER isoform-specific transcriptional activation of the RBBP1 gene, which in part, is explained by the differential activity of ER AF1 and enhancer element binding
- A range of ERbeta isoform expression occurs in ERalpha-negative breast tumours.
- The Alu I polymorphism in exon 8 of ESR2 may be associated with the susceptibility of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in Chengdu.
- high intake of phytoestrogens substantially reduce prostate cancer risk among men with specific polymorphic variation in the promoter region of the estrogen receptor-beta gene
- Estrogen receptor beta (ER-beta) behaves like a noncanonical type-I receptor, and its action may depend on differential amounts of ER-beta1 homo- and heterodimers formed upon stimulation by a specific ligand.
- A study evaluating potential associations between single nucleotide polymorphism variants of the estrogen receptor genes ESR1 and ESR2 and circulating estradiol concentrations in women of 4 races/ethnicities is presented.
- The relationship between ESR1 and ESR2 polymorphisms and bone mineral density in women of 4 races/ethnicities who were premenopausal or in early perimenopause is reported.
- Cross-talk between AKT and estrogen receptor beta-mediated transcription pathways may represent an important aspect that may influence breast cancer response to endocrine therapy.
- Estrogens operate in leiomyoma smooth muscle cells through different receptors, alpha and beta.
- Decreased ERbeta and increased ProTalpha expression in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma indicated that ERbeta may play an anti-proliferation role which is opposed to the role of ProTalpha in gastric epithelium.
- Several ERbeta-selective agonists are currently being available, and these could potentially be used for therapeutic targeting of ERbeta-positive salivary tumors.
- Interstitial cells (ICs) and Sertoli cells (SCs) expressed ERbeta. In germ cells (GCs), i.e. gonocytes and spermatogonia, aromatase and ERbeta were immunoexpressed strongly.
- ERbeta expression varies in relation to the tumor microenvironment and increasing depth of invasion
- Arterial plaque lesions showed higher methylation levels in the ESRB promoter than non-plaque regions. Passage-dependent increased ESRB gene methylation was observed in human aortic endothelial or smooth muscle cell lines cultured to vascular senescence.
- ERbeta has a role in apigenin suppression of cancer cell growth
- Binding and dissociation of full-length steroid receptor coactivator-1a (SRC1a) from full-length estrogen receptor alpha or beta.
- The expression levels of ER subtypes and AR may be important for the regulation of follicular mesenchymal cells in human scalp.
- estrogen receptor alpha and beta gene polymorphisms may have a role in deep vein thrombosis
- estrogen receptor expression is decreased in primary tumors and lymph node metastases of human ductal breast cancer after chemotherapeutic treatment
- Genetic variation in genes involved in steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and signal transduction is reported in Greek patients with cholelithiasis.
- Estrogen Receptor-beta (ER-beta) in vaginal wall endothelia and fibrocytes was significantly lower in pre-Menoupausal women with Stress Urinary Incontenence (SUI) and ER-beta in fibrocytes was significantly lower in post-Menopausal women with SUI
- ERalpha and ERbeta are inhibitory modifiers of Apc-dependent colon tumorigenesis.
- Data showed ER beta expression in C cell hyperplasia.
- Our results suggest that the +1730 G/A polymorphism of the ER-beta gene may not be associated with the risk of endometriosis in the Korean population.
- These data highlight an extranuclear interaction between ERbeta and HSP27 that may be of potential importance in modulating estrogen signaling.
- The results suggest that ER beta gene microsatellites might influence the onset of MDD in female adolescents, a further elucidation of the mechanisms is warranted.
- In conclusion, MB1 may function as a dominant negative isoform in the human brain.
- estrogens produced locally in adrenal medulla would play a role in zona reticularis functional differentiation through ERbeta in adrenal development
- The regulation of STYK1/NOK is achieved independent of ERalpha and suggests further investigation to the relevance of this kinase in breast cancer progression.
- ERbeta may affect cell proliferation in breast cancer cells, in part, through interactions with the E2F transcriptional regulatory pathways
- ERbeta may be required for estradiol modulation of affective and sexual behavior, respectively.
- estrogens may exert direct actions upon GnRH neurons exclusively through ER-beta
- For advanced endometriosis, ESR2 gene RsaI polymorphism appeared to modify the effects of genistein (P for interaction = 0.03)
- The ratio ERalpha/ERbeta constitutes one decisive parameters to orientate the transcriptional mechanism of a target gene in the presence of agonist as well as of antagonist ligands.
- findings support involvement of both androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor-beta in mediating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-, dehydrotestosterone-, and estradiol-induced prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression in prostate cancer cells
- progesterone and glucocorticoid, but not estrogen receptor mRNA are altered in breast cancer stroma
- Microarrays performed on 17beta-estradiol or 4OH-tamoxifen (4HT) treated Hs578T ERalpha and ERbeta cells revealed distinct ligand and receptor-dependent patterns of gene regulation, while the induction of ERbetacx did not alter gene expression patterns.
- Lindane may act as endocrine disruptor during the female reproductive system development and ER-beta as a potential target for this compound and other endocrine disrupting chemicals as well
- ERbeta expression was positively correlated with the expression of inflammatory cytokines in women with and without endometriosis.
- Compartmentalization of estrogen receptor beta to the plasma membrane allows 7 beta-estradiol to control vitamin D receptor transcription and expression in vitro in human embryonic kidney 293 cells.
- Two nonindependent risk factors for hypospadias in the ESR2 gene.
- These data show that androgen receptor expression in the prostate is suppressed by soy protein isolate consumption, which may be beneficial in preventing prostate cancer.
- These observations support the notion that ERbeta is a tumour suppressor and is exploitable in terms of cancer prevention, improving therapeutic response or predicting disease progression.
- These findings provide a new insight into one of the potential roles of ERbeta in human breast cancer.
- the ERs participate in the transduction of mechanical forces into pro-survival signaling in bone cells, albeit in a ligand-independent manner.
- ER-beta is a positive actor and diagnostic marker for therapeutic outcome of breast cancer.
- Methylation of a CpG island at the ESR2 promoter region is a primary mechanism responsible for differential expression of ESR2 in endometriosis and endometrium.
- Positive expression of estrogen receptor alpha in addition to negative expression of ER beta proved to be an unfavorable independent prognostic indicator insquamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
- nongenomic ERbeta has a role in the development of smoking-associated lung cancer
- Expression of estrogen receptor beta2 mRNA has been proposed as a candidate marker for outcome in primary breast cancer following adjuvant endocrine therapy.
- ERbeta was 2.5-fold statistically significantly over expressed in postmenopausal leiomyomas compared to patient matched myometrium (p=0.038), whereas ERalpha and PGR were not significantly differently expressed.
- ERbeta gene polymorphism has a relation with unknown aetiological hypomenorrhea. R allele may be the guard factor, and A allele may be its risk factor.
- Two tightly linked polymorphisms of ESR2 were associated with risk of CVD, particularly MI, in women but not men.
- ability of estrogen receptor alpha to regulate NS5B was suggested to serve as a potential novel target for anti-hepatitis C virus therapeutics
- ERbeta retains its mobility in the presence of antiestrogens.
- Estrogen receptor alpha and beta gene polymorphisms are not risk factors for recurrent miscarriage in a Brazilian population.
- an association for breast cancer risk between short (SS) alleles for the repeat variants of the ESR2 and AR genes was found in women of Greek descent.
- results suggest that CA repeat length and RsaI polymorphisms in ERbeta are not associated with infertility in Indian men
- upregulation of ER-alpha and downregulation of ER-beta may represent two discrete molecular events in lobular neoplasia pathogenesis.
- Men carrying two copies of one of the variant haplotypes (TACC) had a 1.46-fold increased risk of prostate cancer (99% confidence interval, 1.06-2.01) compared with men carrying zero copies of this variant haplotype
- inherited variants in ESR2 (while possibly conferring a small increased risk of breast cancer) are not associated with appreciable (OR > 1.2) changes in breast cancer risk among Caucasian women
- Estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta act differently through a non-estrogen response element-mediated pathway and may play different roles in medullary thyroid carcinoma tumor growth and progression.
- NM23-H2 as an estrogen receptor beta-associated protein may play an important role in modulating the response to endogenous and exogenous estrogens.
- Bisphenol A induces a distinct gene expression signature in prostate cancer cells expressing somatic Androgen Receptor mutation, and a major molecular consequence of BPA action is down-regulation of ERbeta.
- Expression of the forkhead transcription factor FOXP1 is associated with that of estrogen receptor-beta in primary invasive breast carcinomas.
- expression levels of the circadian regulatory factors directly influence estrogen signaling by regulating the intracellular levels of endogenous ERbeta
- ERbeta/ERalpha mRNA was significantly elevated in endometriosis. Expression of PR-C mRNA relative to PR-A and PR-B mRNA was significantly increased in endometriosis.
- A minor importance of ESR2 on severe obesity cannot be excluded
- Polymorphisms in close proximity to upstream regulatory regions of the ERbeta gene, including the 0N exon and promoter transcribed in inflammatory cells, were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with venous ulceration
- Data demonstrates a significant reduction of oestrogen receptor-beta expression already in the precancerous phase of colon carcinogenesis.
- Adrenal cortical carcinomas are character- ized by an imbalance between estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta levels and increased aromatase expression.
- our data suggest that the four analyzed genes do not play an important role in susceptibility to schizophrenia.
- Estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) expression, but not Estrogen receptor alpha, was significantly higher in normal ovarian tissues compared with malignant ovarian tissues; and significantly associated with a longer disease-free survival
- Determine estrogen receptor alpha and beta in uterine fibroids: a basis for altered estrogen responsiveness.
- Polymorphisms in the ESR1 gene are unrelated to open-angle glaucoma, but ESR2 polymorphisms seem to lead to increased risk of OAG in men.
- mechanisms of resistance of breast cancer cells to endocrine therapies due to the crosstalk between the ER and the HER growth factor receptor signaling pathways
- significant statistical difference was observed between lymph node status & ER-beta protein expression. data suggest that ER-beta could be a prognostic marker in human breast cancer.
- Haplotype D was associated with a nonstatistically significant increased risk of ovarian cancer overall and a statistically significant increased risk of invasive clear cell ovarian cancer.
- Multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and education showed no relationship between Mini-Mental State Examination score and wild-type nuclear estrogen receptor-beta in Alzheimer's disease.
- ERbeta gene haplotype may be associated with pelvic organ prolapse.
- These findings suggest that the G allele containing variants of ESR1 XbaI and the G allele containing variants of ESR2 2681-4A>G may decrease the risk of hypospadias, whereas the ESR1 C-A haplotype may increase its risk
- Suggest that epistatic interactions of ESR1 and ESR2 alleles could be associated with advancing age at menarche among Spanish women.
- Estrogenic effects on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells are mediated via the ERbeta and gestagens act via the PR-A pathway.
- A role for estrogen receptor-beta in proliferation and response to the antiestrogen 4'OH-tamoxifen.
- ERbeta (estrogen receptor beta) expression was present in six of ten endometrioid adenocarcinomas and in four of ten serous caricinomas
- TIEG is rapidly induced in response to estrogen in osteoblasts by ERbeta, but not ERalpha
- The rs1271572 SNP T variant was associated with increased risk of MI in a Spanish population, and this association was found to be limited to men only.
- ERbeta transcript levels were very high in all samples of adrenocortical adenoma, normal adrenal cortex and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease except those for two cardinoma, whereas aromatase levels were low
- Cytosine and adenine repeats polymorphism might not only affect transcriptional activity in the ER beta gene but also other processes of gene expression.
- The results of immunoblotting experiments revealed that both estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2) proteins are expressed in nuclei, but not in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
- the mechanism of estrogen-induced mitochondrial cytoprotection is ER-beta dependent
- Estrogen receptor beta decreases the DNA binding of NF-kappaB subunits p65 and p50.
- In summary, our results confirm the stimulation of ER alpha and ER beta on CRH expression and demonstrate the important roles of the ERE half sites and CRE for the action of ER alpha and ER beta.
- the effects of ring B unsaturated estrogens are mainly mediated via ERbeta and that the presence of both ER subtypes further enhances their activity
- in prostate cancer cells, both ERbeta isoforms are differentially expressed during the cell cycle and that ERbeta regulates the G1 phase by a non-genomic mechanism.
- Loss of estrogen receptor beta expression in poorly differentiated (G3) tumors could represent a crucial step in the dedifferentiation process of lung adenocarcinoma.
- A significant association was found between necessity of hormone replacement therapy and rs1256049, rs1271572, and D14S1026 in ERbeta and rs2228480 in ERalpha.
- Effects of estrogen-like compounds on cell proliferation are dependent on the actual ERalpha/ERbeta expression levels in these cells or tissues.
- Immunohistochemical examination of ER-beta is clinically important in patients with breast cancer treated with tamoxifen monotherapy.
- Results identify single nucleotide polymorphisms that are significantly associated with hip fractures in a Chinese population.
- Measuring ER-beta isoforms in clinical breast cancer could provide a more comprehensive picture of patient outcome, complementing ERalpha
- Our data suggest that ESR2 might be a susceptibility marker for epithelial ovarian cancer
- Altered levels of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes resulting in an increased ERalpha:ERbeta ratio were found in patients with colorectal cancer, with significantly greater alterations in men than in women
- Different from ERbeta, p53 interacts with HDAC1 and CtBP1 and forms an inhibiting transcriptional complex that could compete for binding to Sp1 sites with ERalpha transcriptional complex and inhibit BRCA2 transcription more significantly
- There was no significant association between ER-beta expression and the classical breast cancer biopathological parameters. ER-beta was associated with a more aggressive clinical course and a higher risk of relapse in node-positive PgR-negative tumors.
- ER-beta transcripts are expressed in human skin appendages and dermis, but barely detectable in epidermis. No site difference between face, arm, or hip. ER-beta mRNA levels are approximately 10-fold lower than those of ER-alpha in human skin.
- A comparison of ERs in tissues taken from gastric tumors and adjacent gastric mucosa revealed a loss of ERbeta and a gain of ERalpha in the tumor cells. The presence of ERbeta cx was identified for the first time in gastric tumors
- effects of estrogen receptor 2 gene (ESR2) rs1256049 polymorphism to carotid artery intima-media thickness, as part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
- Study investigated the effects on prostate cancer risk of polymorphisms from three steroid hormone receptor genes: the androgen (AR), and the alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2) estrogen receptors.
- Estradiol-induced proliferation of cells in which ERbeta expression was inhibited was similar to that of the T47D wild type cells, whereas this E2-induced cell proliferation was no longer observed when ERbeta expression was increased.
- GIOT-4 coactivated ERbeta in ovarian granulosa cells.
- ER beta may also be involved in the IGF-I signaling pathway in leiomyoma.
- Women who had the ESR2-02 AA genotype were significantly less likely to experience tamoxifen-induced hot flashes than women who carried at least one ESR-02 G allele (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.63; P = .001).
- A significant correlation between ON promoter hypermethylation and the loss of ESR2 mRNA expression was detected in ovarian cells and tissues.
- Normal tissues show estrogen receptor beta expression greater than pathologic tissues of colon cancer
- PM has a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women, which may result from the activation of gene transcription through selective binding of phytoestrogens to ERalpha and ERbeta.
- Results suggest that that proliferative effects of estrogen in lung cancer cells is mediated primarily, if not exclusively, by the nongenomic action of estrogen receptor beta.
- Results suggest a role for estrogen receptor beta in homologous recombination, involving the formation of an ERbeta-IRS-1 complex in the nucleus, nuclear interaction between IRS-1 and Rad51, and the inhibition of recombination.
- ER-beta1 itself, independent of ER-alpha expression and tamoxifen treatment, seems to have a tumor-suppressive effect, at least in apocrine carcinomas.
- The overexpression of estrogen receptor(ERbeta) in both rat colon tumors and DLD-1 cells caused by soy isoflavones suggests that ERbeta is a critical mediator in mitigating its cancer-preventive effects.