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Validated All-in-One™ qPCR Primer for CYP2D6(NM_000106.4) Search again
Product ID:
HQP003814
(click here to view gene annotation page)
Powered by BiozSpecies:
Human
Symbol:
Alias:
CPD6, CYP2D, CYP2D7AP, CYP2D7BP, CYP2D7P2, CYP2D8P2, CYP2DL1, CYPIID6, P450-DB1, P450C2D, P450DB1
Gene Description:
cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6
Target Gene Accession:
NM_000106.4(click here to view gene page)
Estimated Delivery:
Approximately 1-3 weeks, but may vary. Please email sales@genecopoeia.com or call 301-762-0888 to confirm ETA.
Important Note:
By default, qPCR primer pairs are designed to measure the expression level of the splice variant (accession number) you selected for this gene WITHOUT consideration of other possible variants of this gene. If this gene has multiple variants, and you would like to measure the expression levels of one particular variant, multiple variants, or all variants, please contact us for a custom service project at inquiry@genecopoeia.com.
Validated result:
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| A | B |
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Each All-in-One™ qPCR Primer is experimentally validated to yield a single dissociation curve peak and to generate a single amplification of the correct size for the targeted gene. A cDNA Pool, containing reverse transcript products of 8 different human tissue total RNA(Liver, Testis,Muscle,Thyroid,Brain,Spleen,Stomach,Small Intestine)),was used as the qPCR validation template. qPCR was performed using 0.2 µM primer with 2XAll-in-One™ qPCR Mix (Catalog#: QP001,QP002,QP004,QP005). Reactions were incubated for 10min. at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec.; 60°C, 20 sec. and 72°C, 15sec. using Bio-Rad iQ5™ Instrument. At the end of the last cycle, temperature was increased from 72 to 95°C to produce a melting curve. Panel A: Validated Result for Amplification Curve; Panel B: Validated Result for Melting Curve. |
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Summary
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids.
Gene References into function
- Anti-CYP2D6 antibodies detected by quantitative radioligand assay and relation to antibodies to liver-specific arginase in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
- CYP2D6 catalyzes the major metabolic pathway of fluvoxamine.
- determination of phenotype in liver microsomes
- polymorphisms and atypical antipsychotic weight gain
- CYP2D6 genotype is associated with antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes
- treatment-resistant schizophrenia -duplication in the cytochrome P450IID6 (CYP2D6) gene
- The antigenic constitution of CYP2D6, the major target of liver kidney microsomal antibody type 1 in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and chronic hepatitis C virus infections, has been initially characterized.
- demonstrate constitutive expression of cytochrome P4502D in neuronal cell population in human brain, indicating its possible role in metabolism of psychoactive drugs directly at or near their site of action, in neurons, in human brain.
- results indicate a significant influence of environmental factors as an explanation for the difference in capacity for CYP2D6, but not CYP2C19 metabolism between Caucasians and Black Africans
- lower activity observed in a black American population is in part attributable to the presence of variant alleles that occur at a higher frequency in this population than in white subjects
- Patients who had homozygous (L/L) or heterozygous (Wt/L) mutant alleles developed manganism an average of 10 years later than those who were homozygous wildtype
- the pronounced effect of the CYP2D6 genotype persists during long-term therapy, affecting both metabolic ratio and metoprolol plasma concentration.
- Duplicated alleles of CYP2D6*10 exist in the Japanese population and that it may be one of the factors affecting the capacity of Japanese to metabolize various CYP2D6 substrate drugs.
- Study of oxidation of non-amine ligands and substrates by cytochrome P450 2D6 reveals lack of an obligatory role for Asp-301 in substrate electrostatic bonding.
- This study suggests that these polymorphisms are not related to the development of tardive dystonia.
- contributes to the biotransformation of E- and X-doxepin in healthy volunteers
- an alteration in position of active-site residues in CYP2D6.17 as a possible explanation for the reduced activity of the enzyme.
- The functional differences between CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.2, CYP2D6.10, and CYP2D6.17 allelic isoforms toward three clinically important substrates have been compared, and alterations in their metabolic capacities have been demonstrated.
- new allelic arrangement in a poor metabolizer in debrisoquine
- role of glutatmate 216 and aspartate 301 in determining substrate specificity and product regioselectivity
- We have examined frequency of the CYP2D6*4 allele of debrisoquine hydroxylase (DBH) involving G/A transition at the intron 3-exon 4 junction in dementia with Lewy bodies[DLB]; this allele does not act as a risk factor for DLB
- patients with impaired CYP2D6 enzyme activity due to enzyme inhibition by thioridazine might be more prone to increased risk of sudden death due to torsade de pointes type cardiac dysrhythmia
- Male schizophrenics with at least one decreased or loss of function allele for CYP2D6 have a moderately greater chance of developing tardive dyskinesia than males with only wild-type alleles.
- These results do not support the hypothesis that CYP2D6 activity affects temperament and character.
- CYP2D6 gene is a marker for genetic susceptibility to allergic perennial rhinitis
- CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 provided enhanced formation of R-EDDP from methadone and CYP2D6 incubation resulted in the preferential conversion to S-EDDP.
- CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 do not significantly contribute to the metabolism of Methaqualone; although interindividual differences in the monitored metabolic patterns were noted, no marked difference could be related to a CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 polymorphism.
- The prevalence of CYP2D6 mutations of allelic variants predict genotype frequency in the Croatian population.
- Homozygotes of CYP2D6*2 and CYP2D6*10 appear to be a susceptibility factor for developing acute extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenic patients.
- CYP2D6 genotype has an impact on analgesia with tramadol. Pharmacogenetics may explain some of the varying response to pain medication in postoperative patients.
- Cytochrome P(450)IID6's activity may play a role in the development of Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
- The CYP2D6*10 C188T polymorphism may be associated with the susceptibility to the occurrence of TD induced by typical antipsychotics, especially in male patients, and may also be correlated with AIMS scores in TD patients.
- carriers with three functional CYP2D6 genes, CYP2D6*1 x 2/*2 or CYP2D6*1/*2 x 2, are ultrarapid metabolizer phenotypes and there is no gene-dose between carriers with two and three CYP2D6*10 mutated genes
- CYP2D6,...expressed at rather low levels compared to... other human CYPs, plays an important role in metabolism, partially or to a major extent for the oxidative biotransformation of a variety of psychoactive and cardiovascular drugs.
- polymorphic CYP2D6 may play an important role in the interconversions of these psychoactive tryptamines, including a crucial step in a serotonin-melatonin cycle (Review)
- "...the present results show that CYP2D6, but not CYP2C9, may be related to QTc lengthening during treatment with risperidone." pp 191-192.
- Results describe the effects of genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2D6 on the metabolism of neuroactive steroids and amines in the brain.
- Three new alternative splicing variants of CYP2D6 mRNA have been identified.
- Five novel nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms are reported and 65 other sequence variations detected from the gene coding for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 in 254 Japanese subjects.
- Poor CYP2D6 metabolizers may be at higher risk of adverse reactions to metoprolol.
- Our results demonstrate that the CYP3A5*1 allele, previously reported as a marker for CYP3A5 expression in human kidney, is associated with increased risk for BEN, while CYP3A4*1B and CYP2D6 genotypes do not significantly modify the risk for the disease.
- CYP2D6*31, is characterized by mutations encoding three amino acid substitutions: Arg296Cys, Arg440His and Ser486Thr, altering the kinetics.
- Reported CYP2D6 phenocopying is not due to dextropropoxyphene being a CYP2D6 substrate.
- Definite differences in pharmacokinetics were observed between CYP2D6 genotypes in the pharmacokinetics of oral itraconazole.
- CYP2D6 not associated with susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia subjects
- CYP2D6 loss of function alleles may predispose to tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia under treatment
- Hepatitis C positive/LKM1+ sera recognize a specific conformational epitope on cytochrome 2 D6 between amino acids 254 to 288, the region that contains the major linear epitope in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis patients.
- The frequency of the wild-type CYP2D6*1 allele was 31% in Spain
- analysis of active-site residues in quinidine binding to CYP2D6
- CYP2D6 genotype significantly affects circadian variations of beta-adrenergic inhibition induced by metoprolol
- The observed frequency of the CYP2D6 alleles tested was unique for the Mexican Mestizo sample analyzed
- researchers found a novel structure of the CYP2D6 gene, which might lead to incorrect genotyping for CYP2D6*5
- Crystal structure of human cytochrome P450 2D6
- Replacement of Ile106 with Glu, engineered to cause electrostatic repulsion with Glu216, had a profound topological effect in the higher region within the active site cavity and impaired the catalytic activity towards CYP2D6 probe substrates.
- CYP2D6 genotype might be a significant predictor of liver fibrosis progression rate in chronic hepatitis C patients.
- Base sequence from commercial human hepatocytes - potential to identify and characterize dysfunctional alleles and their likely mechanisms affecting gene expression
- CYP2D6 genotypes predicting ultrarapid metabolism resulted in about 50% higher plasma concentrations of morphine and its glucuronides compared with the extensive metabolizers.
- A significant association of 2850C > T (P = 0.015)of CYP2D6 with generalized tonic clonic seizures
- Data reported here is said to not support previously reported association between CYP2D6 genotype and personality trains using NEO Five-Factor Inventory.
- Data provide additional information to the CYP2D6 sequence data that was obtained by the human genome project.
- Results show that the occurrence of hypersomnia increased as the number of CYP2D6 mutant alleles increased.
- Results indicated that the CYP2D6*3 and CYP2D6*4 alleles, in particular, would be linked to the onset of porphyrias.
- Allelic distributions of the CYP2D6 gene copy number variation differ among Chinese from different regions, indicating ethnic variety in Chinese.
- Duplications and multiplications of active CYP2D6 genes can cause ultrarapid drug metabolism and lead to therapeutic failure or unwanted side effects.
- CYP2D6 diversity is far greater within than between populations and groups thereof, (ii) null or low-activity variants occur at high frequencies in various areas of the world, (iii) linkage disequilibrium is lowest in Africa and highest in the Americas.
- no significant association between CYP2D6 activity and personality trait because of the small interindividual variability in CYP2D6 activity within the Japanese population
- Shows lower frequency of CYP2D6 poor metabolizers in schizophrenic patients supporting the hypothesis of a potential role of CYP2D6 in the vulnerability to schizophrenia.
- CYP2D6 genotype determined concentrations of O-desmethyltramadol enantiomers and influenced efficacy of tramadol treatment.
- An inhibition assay was developed and validated for CYP2D6 in liver microsomes.
- CYP2D6 metabolizes timolol, mainly by hydroxylation.
- The newly identified variant CYP2D6*62 (g.4044C>T; R441C) had no activity toward propafenone as a result of missing heme incorporation.
- The relative catalytic activities of three functionally active human CYP2D6 allelic variants, CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.10, and CYP2D6.17, were investigated for their ability to metabolize drugs, and for the effects of CYP2D6-inhibitors on these three variants.
- The data suggested that individuals with CYP1A1 c.5639 T/T, CYP2D6 c.188 C/C, C/T, and CYP2D6 c.4268 C/C genotypes tend to be more susceptible to benzene toxicity.
- CYP2D6 polymorphism does not seem to be a factor predisposing to Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases with dementia.
- Risk of ill health attributed to organophosphate-containing sheep dip is associated with PON1 genotype and phenotype varied with CYP2D6 and GSTP1 genotype but not consistently with a priori hypotheses
- Results suggest poor metaboliser genotype could have a protective effect against PTC. This could be explained by a role of CYP2D6 on the metabolic activation of putative environmental chemical thyroid carcinogens or by linkage to a cancer-causing gene.
- CYP2D6 activity may play an important role in determining the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and in predicting its adverse effects.
- Leukocyte exposure to morphine down-regulated catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and CYP2D6 by approximately 50% compared with control values.
- This case-control study suggests a contribution of CYP2D6 and GSTM1 null variants in the development of acute leukaemia. In addition, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were apparently related to response, side effects and prognosis of patients with AML.
- Tramadol disposition can be used as a probe to assess CYP2D6/CYP3A4 ontogeny in the first months of life.
- Homozygous CYP2D6*10 subjects had 50% lower clearances compared with other EM subjects, resulting in twofold higher mean exposures.
- Organic amines that score highly as being druglike, based on a Bayesian model constructed using a 5223-drug training set, are least likely to bind to CYP2D6.
- The authors found a clear correlation between haloperidol plasma concentration and number of active CYP2D6 alleles. No correlation was found between plasma concentration of haloperidol or number of CYP2D6 alleles and treatment outcome or side effects.
- CYP2c19 and CYP2d6 genotypes can be used to predict imipramine+desipramine plasma levels in in depressed patients.
- results suggest that the CYP2D6*4 allele is associated with broadly related muscle events caused by at least two structurally dissimilar HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
- Our findings suggest that the CYP2D6*5 allele is likely to affect vulnerability to development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- The CYP2D6 genotype is not a major determinant of (R)-, (S)-, or racemic-methadone oral clearance.
- CYP2D6*10/*10 is associated with lower steady-state plasma concentrations of active tamoxifen metabolites, which could possibly influence the clinical outcome by tamoxifen in Asian breast cancer patients.
- A high proportion of CYP2D6 PMs was found in a Faroese patient group medicated with AT.
- Genetic variations of the P450 2D6 gene may contribute to patient-specific variation in response to treatment with venlafaxine.
- A priori knowledge of the pharmacogenetic variation known to abrogate CYP2D6 enzyme activity may provide a means by which the hormonal therapy of breast cancer can be individualized.
- The presence of the APOE-4 allele and CYP2D6 genotype to deteriorate the cholinesterase inhibitors therapeutic outcome in Alzheimer's disease.
- Our retrospective analysis reveals that a decrease of REM sleep under tolterodine is found only in individuals carrying one or two deficient CYP2D6 alleles.
- the major metabolites formed by the P450 BM3 mutants differ from those formed by human cytochrome P450 2D6.
- Suggest that the CYP2D6*41 allele significantly affects drug-metabolizing activity and aripiprazole pharmacokinetics.
- Evaluate activity score as a tool for translating CYP2D6 genotype into a qualitative measure of phenotype.
- The genotypes of CYP2C19 and of CYP2D6 were examined. An association of the metabolic phenotype with genetic disposition was observed.
- CYP2D6 polymorphism may influence, not only variability to drug response, but also vulnerability to disease in schizophrenia patients (review).
- there are four SNPs in CYP2D6 that exhibit radical changes in amino acid properties which may cause a lack of functionality in the CYP2D6 gene and contribute to a person's inability to metabolise specific drugs
- Possible genes for antipsychotic treatment response were the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2), the serotonin 2A and 2C receptor genes (HTR2A and HTR2C), the P-glycoprotein gene (ABCB1 or MDR1) and the drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6).
- A continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine inhibits CYP2D6 activity in patients who are extensive metabolizers resulting in a twofold increase in the metabolic ratio for debrisoquine hydroxylation.
- Genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6 genes were significant predictors of both baseline and postshowering blood trihalomethane (THM) concentrations as well as of changes in THM concentrations associated with showering
- QSAR analysis for substrate specificity of six CYP isoforms, revealing that CYP2C9 substrates are anionic compounds, while CYP2D6 substrates are cationic, and CYP2E1 substrates are smaller compounds, while CYP3A4 substrates are larger compounds
- Adverse herb-drug interactions may result with concomitant ingestion of goldenseal supplements and drugs that are CYP2D6 substrates.
- CYP2D6 genotype frequency in the American Jewish population (8.8%) was approximately twofold higher than that in other North American Caucasians.
- present study demonstrated that reduced CYP2D6 activity was a negative risk factor for methamphetamine dependence.
- studied the association of polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP-4501A1*2A, *2B, *2C and *4 alleles, CYP-4502D6*4 allele), GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes, and NAT2*6B and *7A alleles with the incidence of AML in an eastern Indian population
- This study does not support an association between Parkinson's disease and mutations of the CYP2D6 and HFE genes.
- The frequency of CYP2D6*4 allele, was observed in 8.25% of healthy volunteers and in 10.62% of patients. CYP2D6*4/CYP2D6*4 was absent in cases. In all group of patients, the CYP2D6*4 allele did not appear to influence bladder cancer susceptibility.
- Postmenstrual age and CYP2D6 polymorphisms determine tramadol o-demethylation in critically ill neonates and infants.
- The CYP2D6 genotype may be a contributory factor in the development of extrapyramidal side-effects in patients undergoing antipsychotic therapy.
- analysis of 3D-models for CYP2D6 and for its complexes with ajmalicine and quinidine
- CYP2D6 gene may not only increase the risk for bladder cancer among Egyptians, but may also influence the clinicopathological tumor outcome.
- The serum 4OHtam concentrations were significantly lower in breast cancer patients with the CYP2D6 *10 homozygous variant T/T genotype than in those with the homozygous wild-type C/C genotype.
- Genetic polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTM1 and GSTT1 and leukemia susceptibility.
- Polymorphisms of some XME genes may predict the onset of breast carcinoma as well as survival after treatment.A significant association was found between CYP2D6 (G/G) wild type and breast carcinoma risk only in postmenopausal patients.
- We identified the null variants *3,*4,*5,*6,*7 and *8 of the CYP2D6 gene [encoding for cytochrome P450 (debrisoquine hydroxylase)] in a group of 84 chronic-stay psychiatric inpatients with severe schizophrenia
- In patients having in genotype Pro allele of polymorphic marker Pro34Ser of CYP2D6 gene therapy with betaxolol is more effective, than in homozygote carriers of Ser allele.
- Transgenic mice expressing the identical human CYP2D6 protein in the liver, indicate the presence of stronger immunological tolerance.
- results suggest that age and genetic determinants of CYP2D6 expression constitute significant determinants of interindividual variability in CYP2D6-dependent metabolism during ontogeny
- Because ARI displays high affinity for 5-HTR2A AND D2 receptors and CYD2D6 is involved in its metabolism, polymorphisms were analyzed.
- no significant associations between the CYP2D6 genotype and suicidal behavior or substance abuse disorder were noted
- the impact of the CYP2D6 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol was clearly demonstrated in a group of multimedicated patients treated with tramadol
- Metabolism of dextrorphan by CYP2D6 in different recombinantly expressed systems and its implications for the in vitro assessment of dextromethorphan metabolism.
- Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of metropolol in CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers and correlation with exercise-induced heart rate are reported.
- Semi-quantitative CYP2D6 gene doses in relation to metabolic ratios of psychotropics are reported.
- Relatioship between personality traits and CYP2D6 genotypes has been evaluated.
- This is the first large-scale study to analyze polymorphisms systematically across the whole CYP2D6 gene in the Chinese Han population; forty-eight different polymorphisms were detected as well as 12 novel ones.
- Metoprolol disposition and effects are mainly controlled by CYP2D6 genotype.
- Human subjects with the HNF4A G60D genotype tended to have lower CYP2D6 activity than those with the wild-type HNF4A. The HNF4A G60D variant was detected at low frequency in Asian populations and was not found in Africans or Caucasians.
- anandamide may be a physiological substrate for brain mitochondrial CYP2D6.
- a CYP2D6 gene duplication may result in ultra-rapid metabolism of tramadol to its active metabolite (+)O-desmethyltramadol [case report]
- [13C]-dextromethorphan breath test may provide rapid phenotyping assay for CYP2D6 activity.
- An index composed of inherited (CYP2D6) and tumor (HOXB13/IL17BR) gene variation identifies patients with varying degrees of resistance to tamoxifen.
- Identification of a novel non-functional CYP2D6 allele, CYP2D6*69, in a Caucasian poor metabolizer individual. (Case Report)
- this study was to assess the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, N-acetyltransferase 2, xanthine oxidase, and CYP2D6 in children with isolated idiopathic GH deficiency before and 3 and 6 months after initiation of r-hGH treatment.
- After administration of metoprolol, plasma concentrations of the drug are markedly higher in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers compared to controls; CYP2D6 genotype contributes to interindividual differences in metoprolol response.
- Knowledge of the combination of CYP2D6 and beta(1) adrenoreceptor polymorphisms may be used to guide antihypertensive therapy using beta(1) adrenoreceptor antagonists.
- P450 2D6 genetic polymorphisms had no discernible impact on exposure to desvenlafaxine. Compared with an EM phenotype, a PM phenotype had a significant effect on venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine plasma concentrations after venlafaxine ER administration.
- Decreases in CYP2D6 activity, either by inactivating polymorphisms or drug interactions, can reduce concentrations of tamoxifen's active metabolites.